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排序方式: 共有350条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
111.
Harry Scarbrough 《Human Relations》1998,51(6):691-716
In the late 1980s, a series of reports —notably, The Making of Managers by CharlesHandy-outlined a development path for management in theU.K. This was to be based on the development of aneducation and training base and the model set by leadingcorporations. A decade later, this paper reviews currenttrends in managerial work and employment against theexpectations of the late 1980s. In doing so, it distinguishes between the objectivecondition of British management and itsinstitutionalized meaning within wider British society.It argues that recent accounts of changes in managerialwork and employment have focused solely on incremental changes inthe empirical domain and have neglected importantdiscursive shifts in the way management is understoodand enacted within organizations. These shifts have been catalyzed by the emergence of a series oforganizational initiatives-first, Total QualityManagement (TQM) and, latterly, lean production andBusiness Process Reengineering (BPR)-which aim tosystematically deconstruct management by emphasizing workerempowerment, delayering, downsizing, and theredistribution of managerial functions. In short,initiatives such as these are contributing to theunmaking of management. Managerial groups aresubject to intensification and polarization, whilemanagerial practices are diffused throughout the workprocess. 相似文献
112.
Stimulus generalization and contextual control affect the development of equivalence classes. Experiment 1 demonstrated primary stimulus generalization from the members of trained equivalence classes. Adults were taught to match six spoken Icelandic nouns and corresponding printed words and pictures to one another in computerized three-choice matching-to-sample tasks. Tests confirmed that six equivalence classes had formed. Without further training, plural forms of the stimuli were presented in tests for all matching performances. All participants demonstrated virtually errorless performances. In Experiment 2, classifications of the nouns used in Experiment 1 were brought under contextual control. Three nouns were feminine and three were masculine. The match-to-sample training taught participants to select a comparison of the same number as the sample (i.e., singular or plural) in the presence of contextual stimulus A regardless of noun gender. Concurrently, in the presence of contextual stimulus B, participants were taught to select a comparison of the same gender as the sample (i.e., feminine or masculine), regardless of number. Generalization was assessed using a card-sorting test. All participants eventually sorted the cards correctly into gender and number stimulus classes. When printed words used in training were replaced by their picture equivalents, participants demonstrated almost errorless performances. 相似文献
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Philippe A.E.G. Delespaul Harry T. Reis Marten W. DeVries 《Social indicators research》2004,67(1-2):129-143
How can we enhance activation? Studying shouldbe a challenging, yet rewarding activity forstudents who intend to graduate. The Flowtheory (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990, 1997) predictsthat differential levels of perceived challengeand skill (flow) are related to optimizedmental states and increased activation.However, the influence of concurrent mentalstates and specific environmental cues for thisstate of optimal experience is unknown. In thisstudy we explore the contextual and subjectivedeterminants of flow in relation to activationin studying, and compare this with sports andwatching TV or listening to the radio. Method: 43 undergraduate students at theUniversity of Maastricht were assessed with theExperience Sampling Method for one week(Delespaul, 1995). At random moments 10 timeseach day subjects evaluated the social context,activities, and mood states. Analyses were donewith multilevel random regression techniques.Results: We replicated the predictedflow-related patterns in activation andemotions. While overall activation wasincreased in high challenging moments(β = 0.51; 95% CI: 0.36, 0.19), thiseffect was less pronounced during study(β = ?0.16; 95% CI: ?0.25, ?0.07). Skillslevels did not affect activation(β = ?0.01; 95% CI: ?0.06, 0.05).Concurrent emotions were independently andadditionally related to activation(Δχ2 (4) = 117.12,p < 0.0001). Unexpectedly, activation increasedwith demotivation (β = ?0.12; 95% CI:0.16, 0.07). We found highly significant andadditional effects of context for all theactivities (study: χ2 = 732.63;p < 0.0001; R2 = 0.30; active leisure:χ2 = 753.40; p < 0.0001; R2 = 0.31;and passive leisure: χ2 = 555.86;p < 0.0001; R2 = 0.24). Conclusions. TheFlow theory is a valuable model leading topredictions of optimal experience as well asactivation. However, the dynamics of activityengagement are more complex and related toconcurrent emotions and context. In the Dutchstudent culture, escaping boredom or compulsoryduties seems to drive individuals more thanpursuing flow. 相似文献
115.
J Harry 《Journal of homosexuality》1984,10(3-4):111-125
The article argues that social constructionists are referring to labels applied to sexual orientation while essentialists are discussing sexual orientation itself. Although a review of the literature shows that various labels are applied to sexual orientation, these labels do not markedly affect its reality. Sexual orientation, defined as erotic attraction rather than sexual behavior, is established at an early age and largely immutable in adulthood. 相似文献
116.
Harry Joe 《Revue canadienne de statistique》1994,22(1):47-64
Some parametric families of multivariate extreme-value distributions have been proposed in recent years; several additional parametric families are derived here. The parametric models are fitted, using numerical maximum likelihood, to some environmental multivariate extreme data sets consisting of extreme concentrations of a pollutant at several monitoring stations in a region. Some multivariate nonnormal data analysis techniques are proposed to aid in the likelihood analysis. The new models, together with previous models, appear to be adequate for inferences in that they cover a wide range of possible dependence patterns. 相似文献
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This paper presents an investigation of a method for minimizing functions of several parameters where the function need not be computed precisely. Motivated by problems requiring the optimization of negative log-likelihoods, we also want to estimate the (inverse) Hessian at the point of minimum. The imprecision of the function values impedes the application of conventional optimization methods, and the goal of Hessian estimation adds a lot to the difficulty of developing an algorithm. The present class of methods is based on statistical approximation of the functional surface by a quadratic model, so is similar in motivation to many conventional techniques. The present work attempts to classify both problems and algorithmic tools in an effort to prescribe suitable techniques in a variety of situations. The codes are available from the authors' web site http://macnash.admin.uottawa.ca/~rsmin/. 相似文献
120.