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911.
"In this paper, we consider crossovers of demographic density distributions from...populations that have the same fertility and mortality rates. We focus on observed populations and their associated stationary and stable models, and on proportional distributions of persons, births, deaths and reproductive values....Three different populations were selected to represent a range of demographic behavior. Those populations are Japan 1963, a low mortality, low fertility population; Togo 1961, a high mortality, high fertility population; and the United States 1919-1921, a population whose fertility and mortality are intermediate." 相似文献
912.
Traditionally, the diffusion of telecommunications services has been considerably affected by the presence of critical mass and network externalities, and thus has shown the so-called “late take-off” phenomenon. However, as telecommunications networks evolve from circuit switching to packet switching, especially IP networks, and thus enabling diverse new services, it seems these traditional telecommunications diffusion patterns are changing. By comparing the diffusion of IP-based services with those of circuit-based services and durable goods, we have found the late take-off phenomenon is not involved in the diffusion of newly introduced IP-based services. Moreover, we concluded that the diffusion of IP-based services is much faster than that of durable goods, thus showing an “early take-off” phenomenon. Based on this empirical result, we suggest that telcos (telecommunications companies) and (ISPs) Internet service providers should pay as much attention to the growth stage as the introduction stage in their development, in order for their IP-based services to be successful in the market. 相似文献
913.
914.
Forecasts are needed for everyday decisions and must be in the form of numbers. Yet forecasts invariably turn out to be different
than the numbers that actually occur. Yet, most producers of forecasts only present a deterministic view of the future in
the form of point predictions. However, the presence of uncertainty is inherent in management or policy decisions and there
is often concern that benefits are overstated and risks are understated. Such concerns are difficult to address by providing
only point forecasts with no assessment of their uncertainty. Having a better understanding of uncertainty can enhance the
usefulness of forecasts and make the work of forecasting agencies an even more valuable product for planners, policy makers,
and the public. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, it presents an overview of the current state-of-the-practice
is assessing forecast uncertainty. Second, it offers a guidelines and options for implementing and building uncertainty into
small area forecasting processes. There are options for assessing forecasting uncertainty that can and should be implemented
by most, if not all, producers of forecasts. 相似文献
915.
We characterize optimal consumption, capital, and population growth of a production economy under critical-level utilitarianism.
First, we show that neither classical utilitarianism nor average utilitarianism can avoid a corner solution for the population
growth rate, in that under the former, population grows at the maximum speed (the so-called repugnant conclusion) while under
the latter, it grows at the minimum. Second, we show that critical level utilitarianism yields an interior solution for the
population growth rate provided the critical level belongs to a positive, open interval. Finally, we characterize the transition
to the steady state and perform comparative dynamics analysis. 相似文献
916.
Bayesian estimation for the exponentiated Weibull model under Type II progressive censoring 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Based on progressive Type II censored samples, we have derived the maximum likelihood and Bayes estimators for the two shape
parameters and the reliability function of the exponentiated Weibull lifetime model. We obtained Bayes estimators using both
the symmetric and asymmetric loss functions via squared error loss and linex loss functions. This was done with respect to
the conjugate priors for two shape parameters. We used an approximation based on the Lindley (Trabajos de Stadistca 21, 223–237,
1980) method for obtaining Bayes estimates under these loss functions. We made comparisons between these estimators and the
maximum likelihood estimators using a Monte Carlo simulation study. 相似文献
917.
Life test sampling plans (LSPs) for the Weibull distribution are usually developed under the assumptions that the shape parameter
is known and the life test is conducted at an accelerated condition for which the acceleration factor (AF) is known. However,
the sensitivities of a plan to the assumed shape parameter and AF have been rarely investigated. This paper considers the
case where the life test is hybrid censored and develops attributes LSPs under the above assumptions. Then, sensitivity analyses
are conducted to assess the effects of the uncertainties in the assumed AF and shape parameter on the actual producer and
consumer risks. A method is also developed for constructing LSPs that can accommodate these uncertainties. 相似文献
918.
919.
In longitudinal studies or clustered designs, observations for each subject or cluster are dependent and exhibit intra-correlation. To account for this dependency, we consider Bayesian analysis for conditionally specified models, so-called generalized linear mixed model. In nonlinear mixed models, the maximum likelihood estimator of the regression coefficients is typically a function of the distribution of random effects, and so the misspecified choice of the distribution of random effects can cause bias in the estimator. To avoid the problem of the misspecification of the distribution of random effects, one can resort in nonparametric approaches. We give sufficient conditions for posterior consistency of the distribution of random effects as well as regression coefficients. 相似文献
920.
Czes?aw St?pniak 《Journal of statistical planning and inference》2011,141(7):2489-2493
For consistency, the parameter space in the Gauss-Markov model with singular covariance matrix is usually restricted by observation vector. This restriction arises some difficulties in comparison of linear experiments. To avoid it we reduce the problem of comparison from singular to nonsingular case. 相似文献