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111.
112.
Theory and Society - 相似文献
113.
The investigation of multi-parameter likelihood functions is simplified if the log likelihood is quadratic near the maximum, as then normal approximations to the likelihood can be accurately used to obtain quantities such as likelihood regions. This paper proposes that data-based transformations of the parameters can be employed to make the log likelihood more quadratic, and illustrates the method with one of the simplest bivariate likelihoods, the normal two-parameter likelihood. 相似文献
114.
Doyo G. Enki Nickolay T. Trendafilov Ian T. Jolliffe 《Journal of applied statistics》2013,40(3):583-599
A new method for constructing interpretable principal components is proposed. The method first clusters the variables, and then interpretable (sparse) components are constructed from the correlation matrices of the clustered variables. For the first step of the method, a new weighted-variances method for clustering variables is proposed. It reflects the nature of the problem that the interpretable components should maximize the explained variance and thus provide sparse dimension reduction. An important feature of the new clustering procedure is that the optimal number of clusters (and components) can be determined in a non-subjective manner. The new method is illustrated using well-known simulated and real data sets. It clearly outperforms many existing methods for sparse principal component analysis in terms of both explained variance and sparseness. 相似文献
115.
Ian Bedford 《The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology》2013,14(1):70-87
Michael M.J. Fischer and Mehdi Abedi. Debating Muslims: cultural dialogue in postmodernity and tradition. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 1990. xxxvi, 564pp., plates, 3 appendices, chronology of events, notes, glossary, bibliography. $36.95 ISBN 0 299 12430 4 (hard), 0 299 12434 7 (paper). 相似文献
116.
The effect of gender composition on group performance was investigated over three years using the MARKSTRAT 2 simulation. Senior undergraduates formed groups and competed within five‐firm (group) industries over 10 weeks, as well as submitting group reports on their performances. Performance and report marks were independent of group size and individual performance in other course assessment. Women per group (numbers, percentage, gender ratio) was positively related to simulation performance, with few women‐dominated groups ranking lower than first or second within each industry. Very few all‐men groups achieved first or second rankings. There were no significant correlations between group gender compositions and marks for the group written report. Women's more interactive, people‐oriented and co‐operative work styles apparently facilitate the MARKSTRAT 2 group process and, when combined with men's more analytical decision‐making tendencies and competitive orientation, appear to explain the superior performances of mixed groups. The emergence and utilization of these tendencies within groups are discussed in terms of Social Contact Theory and Competition Theory. Although generalizations from student‐based studies to the workplace is problematic, the results indicate that groups may be more effective when women outnumber or equal men, especially in complex management activities requiring extensive information management and processing, planning and decision‐making over protracted periods. 相似文献
117.
Graham John D. Beaulieu Nancy Dean Sussman Dana Sadowitz March Li Yi-Ching 《Risk analysis》1999,19(2):171-186
Facility-specific information on pollution was obtained for 36 coke plants and 46 oil refineries in the United States and matched with information on populations surrounding these 82 facilities. These data were analyzed to determine whether environmental inequities were present, whether they were more economic or racial in nature, and whether the racial composition of nearby communities has changed significantly since plants began operations.The Census tracts near coke plants have a disproportionate share of poor and nonwhite residents. Multivariate analyses suggest that existing inequities are primarily economic in nature. The findings for oil refineries are not strongly supportive of the environmental inequity hypothesis. Rank ordering of facilities by race, poverty, and pollution produces limited (although not consistent) evidence that the more risky facilities tend to be operating in communities with above-median proportions of nonwhite residents (near coke plants) and Hispanic residents (near oil refineries). Over time, the racial makeup of many communities near facilities has changed significantly, particularly in the case of coke plants sited in the early 1900s. Further risk-oriented studies of multiple manufacturing facilities in various industrial sectors of the economy are recommended.The authors are all affiliated with the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis 相似文献
118.
When Ian Wilson and Carlos Barahona of the Statistical Services Centre at the University of Reading were asked to review an evaluation of the effectiveness of an aid package in Malawi, they expected a simple enough task. But few things in the developing world are simple. Where aid for the poorest is concerned, is evidence collected and analysed with enough rigour to enable well-informed decisions to be made? 相似文献
119.
Ian Smillie 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1994,5(2):155-192
Northern NGOs live with an increasing level of insecurity and change. Governmental pressures to professionalise contribute
to bureaucratisation, while inadequate overheads, an outdated project approach and lengthy approval procedures work against
professionalism. Although they spend tens of millions of dollars annually through NGOs, few OECD governments have taken evaluation
seriously. Northern NGO survival, theorefore, has been largely de-linked from performance. More fundamental is the growing
identity crisis that Norther NGOs have in relation to their iincreasingly crisis that Northern NGOs have in relation to their
increasingly effective Southern counterparts.
Recession and faltering public support have pushed governments into reduced aid budgets and new concepts of accountability,
participation and the role of ‘civil society’. Adding to the burden these shifts place on NGOs, many governments now deal
directly with Southern NGOs. Many governments have also restricted their matching or ‘responsive’ NGO funding programmes,
while providing massive funding increases — on highly favourable terms — for emergency and refugee work. Most OECD governments
have also initiated special funds for AIDS, women, democracy and special geographical troublesports, channelling NGOs towards
governmental priorities.
Some basic principles are proposed for remedying the problems and for treating NGOs as important elements of civil society
rather than as delivery mechanisms for governments.
The author, who takes full responsibility for all errors, omissions and opinions, is very grateful to Elena Borghese, Tim
Brodhead, Sharon Capeling-Alakija, Tim Draimin, Ian Filewod, Anna Foca, Henny Helmich and Terry Mooney for helpful comments
on an early draft. An earlier version of the paper appeared in Smillie and Helmich (1993). 相似文献
120.
Technologies of the Self: Habitus and Capacities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ian Burkitt 《Journal for the theory of social behaviour》2002,32(2):219-237