What Do Grandmothers Think about Self‐esteem? American and Taiwanese Folk Theories Revisited

The study investigates European American and Taiwanese grandmothers’ folk theories of childrearing and self‐esteem, building on an earlier comparison of mothers from the same families. Adopting methods that privilege local meanings, we bring grandmothers’ voices into the conversation about childrearing, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of intergenerational nuances in folk theories. In each cultural case, 16 grandmothers of 3‐year‐olds participated in in‐depth interviews that were customized according to local communicative norms. Although self‐esteem emerged as a central organizing concept in the folk theories of European American mothers, grandmothers spoke in two voices, either echoing their daughters or invoking a counter‐discourse of wariness towards self‐esteem. By contrast, Taiwanese mothers and grandmothers resembled one another—but differed from their American counterparts—in treating self‐esteem as peripheral in childrearing. Results contribute to the growing consensus that self‐esteem is a culture‐specific childrearing goal and suggest that the European American tendency to valorize self‐esteem varies by generation.     

从贾宝玉到哈姆雷特--文艺人物塑造中悲剧美之魅力

选取贾宝玉和哈姆雷特这两个中西文艺史上著名的悲剧形象,从其家族使命、矛盾性格、被毁爱情、最终结局等四个方面进行分析比较,寻找异同,从而揭示出悲剧美在文艺美学中的应用与魅力。     

辽河明珠熠熠生辉——记辽河油田分公司

1999年底,随着石油行业的重组改制和分开分立,中国石油天然气股份有限公司辽河油田分公司应运而生.辽河油田分公司是按照上市公司新体制独立运行的股份公司地区分公司,是股份公司第二大油田,全国第三大油田,是全国最大的稠油、高凝油生产基地.公司地跨辽宁、内蒙两省区13个市(地)、34个县(旗),是以石油、天然气勘探开发、油气销售为主营业务的国有特大型企业.公司现有职工29500人,下设采油、科研、集输、销售等20个厂、院和公司.     

Modelling data from single-photon emission computerized tomography

The completely random character of radioactive disintegration provides the basis of a strong justification for a Poisson linear model for single-photon emission computed tomography data, which can be used to produce reconstructions of isotope densities, whether by maximum likelihood or Bayesian methods. However, such a model requires the construction of a matrix of weights, which represent the mean rates of arrival at each detector of photons originating from each point within the body space. Two methods of constructing these weights are discussed, and reconstructions resulting from phantom and real data are presented.     

“技术决定论“与“社会建构论“:互斥还是互补?

一般认为,“技术决定论”与“社会建构论”是观点冲突、意见对立和互不相容的两种主张。本文在对两种理论的基本观点进行概括归纳基础上,通过对两种理论的论题、独立性、历史关系等几方面加以分析,认为“技术决定论”与“社会建构论”分别揭示了技术与社会关系的不同方面,具有相互补充、相辅相成的辩证关系。     

African American Children's Adjustment: The Roles of Maternal and Teacher Depressive Symptoms

This study examined the unique and interactive roles of mother and teacher depressive symptoms in child adjustment in 277 African American single mother‐headed families, as well as whether the associations differed depending on the age and gender of the child. Findings revealed a significant association between maternal depressive symptoms and child depressive symptoms in girls, but not boys. Moreover, the combination of higher levels of both mother and teacher depressive symptoms was associated with the highest level of child depressive symptoms and, for younger children, externalizing symptoms. The importance of considering the multiple social contexts in which children interact is discussed.     

The influence of risk and protective factors on burnout experienced by those who work with maltreated children

The aim of the study was to explore the degree (and type) of burnout and trauma symptoms, personal histories and coping strategies retrospectively reported by those who work with maltreated children and their families. A self‐selected sample of workers (N = 44) completed a self‐report questionnaire assessing childhood maltreatment, family background characteristics, current adjustment, coping strategies and burnout. Workers reported high levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, and a low to moderate sense of personal accomplishment. Family background characteristics predicted the occurrence of maltreatment and current adjustment, and a personal history of maltreatment predicted current trauma symptoms, but not burnout. Workers most frequently used problem‐focused coping strategies and sought social support; however, coping strategies were not associated with the level of either trauma symptoms or burnout. Despite employing positive coping strategies, their efficacy may be affected by other interpersonal, intra‐individual and job resource issues. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.