Quakers,Tithe Opposition,and the Presbyterian National Church: The Case of Cartmel,Lancashire, c.1644–16601

This article will examine the development of the early Quaker movement in England during the 1650s, and by focusing on one north Lancashire parish, Cartmel, will seek to answer the question: why did people convert to a religious movement that undermined traditional communal worship, and which required a very public separation from one's neighbours? Disillusionment at the slow pace of religious reform, both nationally and locally, during the late 1640s and early 1650s will be highlighted as an explanation as to why a minority of inhabitants enduring a particular set of religious circumstances may have found Quakerism an attractive faith.     

Raising cosmopolitans: localized educational strategies of international families in Shanghai

This qualitative research documents the educational strategies of international migrants to Shanghai who are attempting to raise their children as cosmopolitans through immersion in local Chinese schools. We distinguish this localizing educational strategy from the established network of international schools designed to serve the families of corporate expatriates. Instead, our research subjects consist of self‐initiated expatriates, or ‘middling transnationals’, who have chosen to prioritize immersion in the language and culture of China by sending their children to local schools. This localized, or Sinocentric, model exposes non‐Chinese children to a challenging and nationalistic Chinese curriculum. Our analysis of these practices as a form of cosmopolitan education challenges both the goal of teaching a universal and placeless ethical cosmopolitanism and the assumption that a meaningful cosmopolitan education must take place in the idealized setting of a liberal cosmopolitan school system. We also highlight the difficulties families face in this approach, describing this as an ‘entangled cosmopolitanism’, an enriching but uncomfortable engagement with both local and home‐country educational cultures.     

The Trouble with Access: a Study of Divorcing Families

Summary This paper explores issues concerning access between non-custodialparents and children following marital breakdown. The literatureconcerning access is reviewed, with reference particularly tothe problem of evaluating the possible benefits of a clean breakbetween non-custodial parent and the children at the time ofseparation. The findings of a research study, in which probationofficers reported on issues concerning custody and access in65 cases on which they were preparing welfare reports, are reported.The study highlights the generally problematic nature of access,discusses the behaviour problems exhibited by the children atthe time of the breakdown, and points to the importance of outsidehelp at an early stage in the divorce process.     

Statistical Issues in Fisheries' Stock Assessments*

Decisions concerning the management of fisheries are founded on confidence statements for interest parameters such as biomass and exploitation rate, derived from complex structural models that describe the dynamics of fisheries. We identify four generic statistical issues and focus on how they impact on the reliability of those confidence statements: (a) parameters for which the data have little or no information; (b) competing structural relationships; (c) weighting of observations; and (d) alternative methods for computing confidence statements. Our purpose is to give an exposition of how these issues impact on fisheries' analyses, with the intent of stimulating thought on more effective alternatives. We describe the fisheries' management context and use two specific studies to illustrate how these generic statistical issues impact on fisheries assessment results. It is demonstrated that these statistical issues can have a profound impact on fishery management decisions and that established approaches to handle them have not been fully developed.     

BARRIERS TO ENTRY IN THE MARKET FOR STUD SERVICES: GOVERNMENT AND "NON-PROFIT" INSTITUTIONS IN COLLUSION

Modern technologies are banned in the breeding of Thoroughbred horses. These practices have been banned by the states defining a Thoroughbred as a horse registered by the Jockey Club of New York, and by the Club refusing to register horses bred "unnaturally." Modern technologies would vastly increase the number of high quality foals and lead to a decline in industry prices and profits. The breeding restrictions protect the wealth of owners at the expense of consumers, potential input suppliers, and new breeders. Because of the distribution of costs and benefits in the political process, we foresee no end to legislatively mandated stagnation.