Implemented as intended? Recording family worker activities in a Families First program

In evaluating family preservation services, it is important not only to study the service outcomes and the family characteristics, but also what actually happens during the treatment. This requires a program model. This article describes how a program model works, prescribes how workers should carry it out, and describes how researchers should measure the program's characteristics. The authors use data from Families First in The Netherlands to test the model. Results show that the method of the program meets the specified characteristics. The results are important for treatment, policy, education, and evaluation research.     

Können Organisationen nicht lernen? Facetten organisationaler Lernkulturen

Recently, the concept of ‘learning culture’ has entered the discussion on learning organizations and organizational learning, especially in the German speaking countries. Most of the academics, but also practitioners seem to use the term ‘learning culture’ in a particular sense as nurturing a self-directed, on-the-job learning of all employees. An implicit, often neglected assumption of this conception is that organizations can be divided into those who have a learning culture and those who do not. Although this idea of a dichotomy is also found in the discussion on learning organizations, it can be called into question. Past research has shown that (organizational) learning is a multifaceted phenomenon. Different organizations engage in very diverse kinds of learning due to the fact that they are facing varying environmental conditions. This brings us to doubt the idea of a ?one-best-way“ learning culture. Following the basic question, who learns what, how, when and why, the article presents a set of distinguishing attributes to distinguish between different types of learning cultures. Finally, yet unanswered questions and paths for future research are discussed.     

略论旅游服务语言艺术

旅游服务语言是旅游工作者与旅游者之间为了表达愿望、交流感情、进行交往和解决各种问题而使用的一种媒介和工具。它具有规范性与灵活性统一、文明性和职业性等个性特征。在运用旅游服务语言时应充分关注宾客的个性特点、突出语言的针对性 ,应充分发挥无声语言的作用 ,增强语言的感染力 ,同时用词规范准确得体、通俗易懂 ,并根据语境调节语速语调 ,灵活运用多种表现手法 ,方能取得客我双方满意的效果     

Voice and Identity in a Bicultural/Bilingual Environment

Researchers have noted that with the onset of adolescence, girls' voices become muted and school achievement drops. Girls learn that the expression of strong feelings leads to distance from others, and that full use of their bodies and minds cause others discomfort. Self-esteem suffers and girls become at risk for destructive behaviors. Most studies have been done with middle class Caucasian girls. Those few studies done with young girls of color speak of girls on the margin who seem to resist losing their voices and their self-esteem. This article describes a study involving 5th–8th grade girls participating in an Advisory group program at a grammar school in a predominantly Mexican community of a large city. Group sessions were taped and analyzed for common themes including voice and self-esteem. Focus was directed to the influence of the bicultural/bilingual environment in analysis of group content. Implications for practice are included.     

Covariate Order Tests for Covariate Effect

A new approach for constructing tests for association between a random right censored life time variable and a covariate is proposed. The basic idea is to first arrange the observations in increasing order of the covariate and then base the test on a certain point process defined by the observation times. Tests constructed by this approach are robust against outliers in the covariate values or misspecification of the covariate scale since they only use the ordering of the covariate. Of particular interest is a test based on the Anderson-Darling statistic. This test has good power properties both against monotonic and nonmonotonic dependencies between the covariate and the life time variable.     

The role of litigation in human research accountability

This essay examines and analyzes the recent and dramatic series of personal injury lawsuits instituted against those individuals and institutions that conduct and monitor human research. It discusses the social engineering functions of tort litigation, outlines the legal elements and viability of lawsuits against those who conduct and monitor human research, and evaluates and predicts what role tort litigation will play in fulfilling the goals of accountability in the context of human research and human research regulation. In general, tort law engenders two forms of accountability: retrospective and prospective. Retrospective accountability is backward looking, focusing on harms that have already occurred, their culprits, and the reimbursement of individuals for their injuries. Prospective accountability is forward looking in that it encourages actors and institutions to fulfill responsibilities toward individuals in order that harm does not occur, or at least that the risk of harm is decreased. This article argues that research litigation is not, and will probably never become, an effective means of ensuring retrospective accountability in regard to research injuries and ethical violations. Paradoxically though, the current wave of research litigation may serve an important and even key role in encouraging and ensuring prospective accountability.     

李二曲的真儒论和儒学适用论

李二曲是关学中的重要成员 ,他对儒学进行的条分缕析 ,在今天仍有意义。他强调做儒要做真儒 ,儒的价值在于能够在现实社会中应用 ,不能应用的儒学 ,对社会是无益的。     

现代新儒家对五四新文化运动的省察梳要

五四新文化运动已过去八十余年了,检讨"五四"成为中国文化建设的重要内容。现代新儒家站在民族文化本位的立场上,对五四新文化运动进行了认真的梳理。一方面,他们对"五四"思想启蒙给予了积极的评价,认为新文化运动有功于儒家思想的新开展;另一方面,他们对"新青年"学者盲从西方的激烈反传统态度和唯科学主义思潮表示强烈的不满,具有否定"五四"的倾向。他们在反省"五四"的基础上,提出了重建中国文化的方案,充满着哲学的睿智,是一份宝贵的精神遗产。     

环境与贸易的可持续发展研究

贸易影响国民经济发展 ,国民经济又影响生态环境 ,环境与贸易是联系非常密切的两个领域。贸易使环境问题极端化 ,表现为环境问题国际化和局地化两个方面。环境问题对贸易影响主要是通过环保措施影响产品竞争力来实现。单独在各自领域寻找解决问题的措施 ,对可持续发展不利 ,也是不现实的。必须用可持续发展的生态经济综合观点考察环境与贸易的关系。基本原则一是向市场发出“新的稀缺信号”,促进环境成本内部化 ,具体执行中 ,政府的调整和监督作用应予以加强。二是发展和加强国际合作 ,促进环境保护和自由贸易的结合。三是加强立法 ,制定合理的环境与贸易国际法则