Axiomatizations of the normalized Banzhaf value and the Shapley value

A cooperative game with transferable utilities– or simply a TU-game – describes a situation in which players can obtain certain payoffs by cooperation. A solution concept for these games is a function which assigns to every such a game a distribution of payoffs over the players in the game. Famous solution concepts for TU-games are the Shapley value and the Banzhaf value. Both solution concepts have been axiomatized in various ways. An important difference between these two solution concepts is the fact that the Shapley value always distributes the payoff that can be obtained by the `grand coalition' consisting of all players cooperating together while the Banzhaf value does not satisfy this property, i.e., the Banzhaf value is not efficient. In this paper we consider the normalized Banzhaf value which distributes the payoff that can be obtained by the `grand coalition' proportional to the Banzhaf values of the players. This value does not satisfy certain axioms underlying the Banzhaf value. In this paper we introduce some new axioms that characterize the normalized Banzhaf value. We also provide an axiomatization of the Shapley value using similar axioms. Received: 10 April 1996 / Accepted: 2 June 1997     

食品老字号品牌在来华留学生中的传播效果研究——以北京市为例

随着经济全球化的加速,食品老字号品牌应重视国际消费者,制定品牌发展的国际化战略,走出国门,重塑品牌形象.本文以北京市为例,通过对来华留学生这一群体展开调查,评估北京食品老字号品牌在来华留学生中的传播效果,调查发现北京食品老字号品牌在来华留学生中品牌知晓度和满意度都不高.如何充分利用来华留学生在华期间制定具有针对性的且行之有效的品牌传播策略,如何开展国际化品牌传播战略是北京食品老字号品牌想要提高知名度,走向国际市场亟待解决的问题.     

文化自信视域下大学生思想政治教育应对历史虚无主义的策略分析

近年来,历史虚无主义诋毁中国传统文化,亵渎红色革命文化,破坏社会主义先进文化,影响大学生对传统文化时代价值的认识、对社会主义制度的认同和对马克思主义指导地位的认可.为此,大学生思想政治教育必须在文化自信视野下,以"加强教育、坚定自信"为根本导向,以"抢占阵地、亮出旗帜"为根本任务,以"关键在党、关键在人"为根本遵循,着力消除历史虚无主义的影响.     

《考槃余事》作者考辨

万历三十四年(1606)沈氏尚白斋所刻《考槃余事》四卷,署名明代文学家屠隆,后世学者多认同为屠氏著作而加以引证研究,然书中条目所论对象大多已经重见于前人之作。诸多证据表明,该书作者并非屠隆:其一,是书广泛截取旧作,巧加连缀,造为新编,乃有意作伪;其二,《考槃余事》行文风格与屠隆之文绝然不类;其三,屠隆缺少收藏赏鉴之条件与趣尚。藉此,可判定《考槃余事》应是伪托无疑,后之研究屠隆作品艺术以及思想观念,当谨言慎行而不可笃定为权威凭据。     

Impact of physical activity on activity of daily living in moderate to severe dementia: a critical review

The objectives of this study were to describe the different modalities of physical activity programs designed for moderate to severe dementia and to identify their impact on functional independence in activities of daily living (ADL). A critical review of randomized controlled trials related to the impact of physical activity programs in moderately to severely demented persons on ADL performance and meta-analysis of the identified studies were performed. Among the 303 identified articles, five responded to the selection criteria. Four out of the five studies demonstrated limited methodological quality. In one high-quality study, physical activity programs significantly delayed deterioration of ADL performance. The program components and ADL assessment tools vary widely across studies. Although the proposed treatments have not proven their efficiency in improving the ADL status of the patients, they were able to limit the decline in ADL functioning. Future research is warranted in order to identify clinically relevant modalities for physical activity programs for people with moderate to severe dementia.     

国内外阅读障碍研究对比分析与国内研究前景展望

阅读障碍亦称诵读障碍或拼写障碍,是一种与脑部相关的学习障碍。阅读障碍研究集心理语言学、心理学、认知科学、医学等诸多学科于一体,是近年来国内外学术界的研究热点之一。梳理国内外阅读障碍的研究团队发展状况,分析国内外阅读障碍研究在诊断、表征、成因以及干预四个方面的异同,探讨国内阅读障碍研究的发展前景,对促进本领域的深入研究大有裨益。     

新中国70年外交理念的伦理形态演进及其发展趋势

外交理念是外交政策和外交活动的指导思想和价值内核。新中国70年外交理念的发展经历了冷战思维影响下的外交理念、和平与发展思维主导下的外交理念两个主要阶段。从伦理视角看，其中蕴含着一个复杂而有序的伦理形态演进过程，它总体上体现为斗争—合作伦理，并具体呈现为3种不同的伦理形态，即：以制度分歧和阶级正义为中心的斗争—合作伦理；以互利关系为中心的斗争—合作伦理；以大国责任为中心的斗争—合作伦理。随着中国特色社会主义进入新时代，我国外交理念伦理将会出现从国家安全伦理向国家发展伦理转变、从国家本位伦理向全球发展伦理转变的趋势。     

Racial diversity in the suburbs: how race-neutral responses to demographic change perpetuate inequity in suburban school districts

Suburbs across the US are experiencing dramatic demographic shifts, yet there is little research available on how suburban school districts are dealing with these changes. In this article, we examine the discourses surrounding race and demographic change in three suburban school districts that have been undergoing rapid demographic changes and which contain demographically distinct areas within their district boundaries. Utilizing a critical discourse analysis (CDA) approach, we analyze how the policy context (federal and state) frames actors’ discourses and understandings of race, paying particular attention to the political and institutional factors affecting school policy. We illustrate how the discourse, in turn, is related to the actions (or inactions) taken by district and school leaders to respond to demographic change. We conclude the article by discussing policy implications and potential challenges districts may face in the future if efforts to purposively address racial changes continue to be avoided.     

Warum und wodurch Coaching wirkt

The contribution reviews the state oft the art of the research on general success factors in the coaching process. Research in the field of psychotherapy on basic variables of client centered counseling and general therapeutic change mechanisms set an example. Results of first studies on these and modified factors show that the coaching outcome depends on observed esteem and emotional support by the coach, resource activation and support of transfer into practice. Process analysis of nonverbal interactions between coach and client demonstrate that goal attainment influence goal attainment. Finally, the paper focuses on limitations, of the studies, scientific and practical conclusions as well as future perspectives.