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991.
Milton Lodge Joseph Tanenhaus David Cross Bernard Tursky Mary Ann Foley Hugh Foley 《Social science research》1976,5(4):325-347
The aims of this paper are twofold: first, to set the ratio scaling of opinion in perspective by reviewing a series of laboratory and field experiments designed to build and validate ratio scales of political opinion; and second, to report in detail on the development of calibration procedures designed to obtain proportional judgments from respondents in a national survey.Paralleling explicitly a psychophysical paradigm established for the scaling of physical continua, these studies demonstrate that (1) the paradigm can be adapted to the scaling of sociopolitical opinions; (2) two measures suitable for use in surveys-magnitude estimation and line production-satisfy established psychophysical criteria for valid measures of response; (3) survey respondents can and do make reliable ratio estimates of strength of opinion; (4) scales measuring strength of political support, which are derived from the magnitude and line estimates of survey respondents, match closely the support scales derived in laboratory and field tests using such physical response modalities as handgrip and sound pressure; and (5) these calibration procedures can be incorporated in national opinion surveys.These results, especially the successful move from the laboratory to a conventional survey setting, provide social and behavioral scientists with a technique for generating response data that meet stringent measurement requirements. The calibration procedures described constitute a social metric that will enable researchers to test functional hypotheses in a more rigorous manner than is possible employing alternative scaling procedures. 相似文献
992.
Horrific acts of terrorism have emerged as defining features of Islamic–Western relations throughout much of this still young century. Arising from decades, indeed centuries, of mutual distrust contemporary patterns of radicalized Islamic terrorism toward the West are rooted in their shared histories, traditions, values, norms and, for some, deeply held religious convictions. They also are the product of centuries-long colonization of large regions of the “Islamic world” by Western powers or their proxies. This paper presents an innovative approach for advancing the quality of life of Islamic and Western societies through a fuller understanding of the origins and dynamics of Islamic-inspired terrorist acts against the West. The paper examines the relationship that exists between acts of terrorism associated with a select group of 27 member states of the Organization for Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and: (1) their years of independence since colonization; (2) their current types of polity; (3) the extent of their civil liberties and political freedoms; (4) country levels of perceived public corruption; and (5) the overall level of each country’s broad-based social development (or quality of life). The paper concludes with an “evolving agenda for action” that seeks to advance the quality of life of all people living in Islamic and Western nations. 相似文献
993.
Joseph E. Harrington Jr. 《Journal of Risk and Uncertainty》1990,3(2):135-154
The role of risk preferences in determining the outcome to bargaining is examined for the case in which acceptance of a proposal requires less than unanimous approval. Using an n-agent extension of the Ståhl-Rubinstein alternating offer model, we find that risk preferences play a fundamentally different role when bargaining is settled using a nonunanimity voting rule. Risk preferences determine not only an agent's reservation price but also the likelihood that he is made part of the winning coalition. An implication of this analysis is that when the preferences of the agents are not too diverse, it is advantageous for an agent to be relatively risk-averse.The helpful comments and suggestions of Rich McLean and an anonymous referee are gratefully acknowledged. This article was presented as a paper at the 1988 Winter Econometric Society Meetings. 相似文献
994.
In many naturally occurring situations, actors (agents) use individual sanctions or collective sanctions or both to obtain compliance from members of a group. Individual sanctions are sanctions applied to each individual based on that individual’s perceived behavior; collective sanctions are sanctions to all group members based on perceived behavior by some group members. Often, there are constraints on the amount of sanctions an agent may use. I use Heckathorn’s (1990) sequential decision model of group-mediated social control to analyze the power of an agent concerning compliance by group members under such constraints. Results show that whether positive or negative sanctions are considered, the amount of group compliance is an increasing but non-linear step function of the looseness of the constraints. Moreover, it appears that the most cost-effective use of power entails using only collective sanctions when lower levels of compliance are sought, only individual sanctions when higher levels of compliance are sought, and never mixing the two. 相似文献
995.
Joseph R. Herzog R. Blaine Everson James D. Whitworth 《Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal》2011,28(6):459-473
This exploratory study examines the associated effects of combat exposure on Soldiers assigned to a Midwestern Army National
Guard unit. It also explores the secondary and mediating effects of combat exposure on Soldier’s spouses and children. The
correlations of combat exposure with trauma symptoms, substance abuse, domestic violence and secondary trauma symptoms among
family members are identified. Survey results suggest that immediate family members of combat-exposed Soldiers with high levels
of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are at risk for developing secondary traumatic stress. Secondary trauma symptoms
in these spouses are a risk-increasing mediating variable between trauma symptoms in combat-exposed Soldiers and secondary
trauma symptoms in their children. Results from this investigation emphasize the need for further inquiry into this topic.
They further highlight the need for preventive and treatment efforts targeted toward all family members and relationships
in order to lessen the effects of combat exposure. 相似文献
996.
The policies determining how the foreign born enter the United States are some of the most complicated, least understood,
and most disliked of all federal policies. This paper uses New Immigrant Survey (2003) data to examine how proposed changes
to U.S. immigration policy might alter the composition of legal permanent residents (LPRs) admitted. Specifically, we consider
the 2007 federal proposal that would have placed greater emphasis on employment and skills by instituting a merit-based point
system while eliminating some types of family sponsorship. We also simulate point scores for the 2003 LPR cohort according
to the point systems used in Canada and Australia. We find that, despite significant variation in point allocations, the three
systems would admit similar numbers and types of immigrants. In the 2007 U.S. proposal, work experience in the United States
is extremely important for earning high point scores. Thus, the proposal would place even more stress on temporary visa programs. 相似文献
997.
998.
999.
Robert Joseph Taylor Amanda Toler Woodward Linda M. Chatters Jacqueline S. Mattis James S. Jackson 《Race and social problems》2011,3(4):241-251
This study examined use of clergy for serious personal problems within a representative sample of US black Caribbean adults
from the National Survey of American Life. Logistic regression analysis was used and confirmed the importance of problem type,
church involvement, and nativity as correlates of clergy use. Findings for black Caribbeans indicate similarities, as well
as important departures from prior research on the correlates of clergy assistance among African Americans. These and other
findings confirm the position of black Caribbeans as a distinctive ethnic subgroup within the general black population in
the United States. 相似文献
1000.
Although a “system approach” to accidents in sociotechnical systems has been frequently advocated, formal system theoretic concepts remain absent in the literature on accident analysis and system safety. To address this gap, we introduce the notions of coordinability and consistency from the hierarchical and multilevel systems theory literature. We then investigate the applicability and the importance of these concepts to accident causation and safety. Using illustrative examples, including the worst disaster in aviation history, and recent incidents in the United States of aircraft clipping each other on the tarmac, we propose that the lack of coordinability is a fundamental failure mechanism causing or contributing to accidents in multilevel systems. We make a similar case for the lack of consistency. Coordinability and consistency become ingredients for accident prevention, and their absence fundamental failure mechanisms that can lead to system accidents. Finally, using the concepts introduced in this work, we identify several venues for further research, including the development of a theory of coordination in multilevel systems, the investigation of potential synergies between coordinability, consistency, and the high reliability organizations paradigm, and the possibility of reframing the view that “sloppy management is the root cause of many industrial accidents” as one of lack of coordinability and/or consistency between management and operations. By introducing and expanding on the concepts of coordinability and consistency, we hope to contribute to the thinking about, and the to language of, accident causation, and prevention and to add to the intellectual toolkit of safety professionals and academics. 相似文献