An Ecological Analysis of Urban Growth Between 1900 and 1940*

A study of 157 cities suggests that specialization theories, central to an ecological model of urban growth, require qualification. Contrary to expectations, specialization plays a limited role in urban growth, which appears to be most closely related to a city's intermural transportation system.     

Career Planning in Spain: Do Fixed-term Contracts Delay Marriage and Parenthood?

The aim of this paper is to find an empirical connection between the striking increase in the use of fixed-term contracts in Spain and the observed delay in the age at marriage and maternity. Using the eight waves of individual information from the European Household Panel for Spain, we find that for men, the decision whether to get married is strongly negatively affected by holding unstable contracts or not working, relative to when an indefinite contract is held. However, for women, results suggest that holding fixed-term contracts is not a deterrent for the decision whether to get married. With respect to the decision of whether to enter into parenthood, results indicate that for all childless women, either with no partner, holding fixed-term contracts delays entry into motherhood relative to the holding of indefinite contracts. The discouragement effect is stronger for women with no partner, though.JEL classification: D1, J1     

中英互译中强弱动词翻译策略探讨——以CATTIⅡ级考试题为例

中英文之间的差别决定了翻译应采取的策略,了解中英文不同的行文习惯,能更巧妙地处理词汇乃至句子的翻译。英文喜静不喜动的特点除了体现为英文较多使用名词,还表现为英文能用弱势动词就不用强势动词,而中文则相反。鉴于此,以CATTI（翻译专业资格（水平）考试）Ⅱ级考试题目为例,从强弱动词的角度探讨中英互译,希望为广大英语学习者,特别是准备参加翻译专业资格考试的学生提供可以借鉴的翻译方法。     

Chronic Effects of Air Pollution are Probably Overestimated

Inappropriate measures of exposure, including inadequate consideration of latency in the analysis of chronic effects of air pollution, may lead to overestimation of the impact of air pollution on health effects. A relatively simple way to check the plausibility of results on chronic effects of air pollution would be to report in parallel the smoking‐associated risks.     

邓小平对毛泽东改革理论的重大突破

社会主义制度建立以后,其改革是自我调整和完善。毛泽东和邓小平都对社会主义的改革进行了可贵的探索。但毛泽东的改革思想受“左”的倾向的困扰,未能付诸实施。而邓小平不仅恢复了毛泽东的改革思想理论,而且具有重大突破,并使其成为全党认同的理论,从而付诸实践。邓小平对毛泽东改革思想理论的突破主要表现在这样几个方面：一、在对改革的认识上,克服了“左”的僵化思想;二、明确了社会主义改革的方向,把改革的工作重点放在经济上;三、视改革为社会主义社会发展的动力;四、将改革的镜焦直接对准到僵化体制的根本转变上。     

Attributions about Addiction among Latina Women

This cross-sectional, secondary analysis study utilizes data from a prior study of intergenerational substance use among Latina women (n = 316). We explored the influence of substance use frequency and type, as well as cultural and socioeconomic factors on attributions about addiction among a predominantly immigrant sample of Latina women. Women who were less proficient in English (an indicator of adoption of the receiving culture in the acculturation process) and more proficient in Spanish (an indicator of heritage-culture retention) endorsed more spiritual model attributions than women who were more proficient in English and less proficient in Spanish. Women were more proficient in Spanish more frequently endorsed the disease attribution model. Alcohol, marijuana use and non-medical sedative use were linked with spiritual, moral /character and disease attribution models respectively. Participants reporting higher education levels indicated less agreement with the moral/character model of addiction. Implications for culturally tailored social work interventions for Latina women are discussed.     

Chain graph models: topological sorting of meta-arrows and efficient construction of $${\mathcal{B}}$$ -essential graphs

Essential graphs and largest chain graphs are well-established graphical representations of equivalence classes of directed acyclic graphs and chain graphs respectively, especially useful in the context of model selection. Recently, the notion of a labelled block ordering of vertices was introduced as a flexible tool for specifying subfamilies of chain graphs. In particular, both the family of directed acyclic graphs and the family of “unconstrained” chain graphs can be specified in this way, for the appropriate choice of . The family of chain graphs identified by a labelled block ordering of vertices is partitioned into equivalence classes each represented by means of a -essential graph. In this paper, we introduce a topological ordering of meta-arrows and use this concept to devise an efficient procedure for the construction of -essential graphs. In this way we also provide an efficient procedure for the construction of both largest chain graphs and essential graphs. The key feature of the proposed procedure is that every meta-arrow needs to be processed only once.     

延安时期李维汉统一战线理论研究

李维汉延安时期的统一战线理论,展现在政治、经济、军事、文化和民族政策极其广泛的领域。这一理论具有鲜明的时代特色,丰富了党的统一战线理论宝库。     

Radon Testing Behavior in a Sample of Individuals with High Home Radon Screening Measurements

Although radon exposure has been identified as the second leading cause of lung cancer, fewer than 6% of U.S. homeowners test their homes for radon. This report examines participants'follow-up radon testing behavior subsequent to receiving an initial screening radon level greater than 20 pCi/L. Sixty-two participants in the Iowa State-Wide Rural Radon Screening Survey who had radon screening measurements over 20 pCi/L were questioned by phone survey 3 months after receipt of their radon screening result to assess: whether participants were aware of radon's health risk; if participants recalled the radon screening results; how participants perceived the relative health risk of radon and whether participants planned follow-up radon testing. Only 19% of the respondents specifically identified lung cancer as the possible adverse health outcome of high radon exposure, and the majority of participants underestimated the health risks high radon levels pose when compared to cigarettes and x-rays. In addition, less than one third (29%)of the participants actually remembered their radon screening level within 10 pCi/L 3 months after receiving their screening results. Only 53% of the individuals correctly interpreted their screening radon level as being in the high range, and only 39% of the participants planned follow-up radon measurements. Receipt of radon screening test results indicating high radon levels was not an adequate motivational factor in itself to stimulate further radon assessment or mitigation. Our findings suggest that free radon screening will not result in a dramatic increase in subsequent homeowner initiated remediation or further recommended radon testing.