Developing the Psychological Strain Scales (PSS): Reliability, Validity, and Preliminary Hypothesis Tests

Since its inception, the Strain Theory of Suicide has been tested and supported in a number of empirical studies. This social psychological theory can be employed as a complementary conceptualization to account for suicidal behaviors as well as mental disorders. However, the lack of consistent measurements of the strains limits the application of the theory in scientific research. Our research team has developed such scales for future testing of the Strain Theory of Suicide in a more systematic approach. For the initial items to measure the four strains (value, aspiration, deprivation, and coping), we solicited approximately 40 items for each strain with high face validity by about 30 fellow researchers. A preliminary examination of about 160 items for consistency and validity, with a sample of about 300 college students, yielded 20 consistent items for each of the four strain scales. Then, a second study was conducted at a different university with approximately 500 students to further streamline each of the four strain scales and test the validity of each with corresponding established scales and variables. As a result, 15 items were selected for each of the four Psychological Strain Scales (PSS). In correlation and multiple regression analyses, we found support for the hypotheses regarding the positive associations between psychological strains measured by the PSS and psychopathology including suicidal ideation. Follow up research with the new scales needs to be carried out in order to test the effects of psychological strains on suicide and mental disorders for various populations.     

阿Q、“狂人”与彼列多诺夫——鲁迅与索洛古勃比较研究之三

鲁迅与索洛古勃是敢于对自己民族＂刨根论劣＂的伟大作家,他们塑造了反映本民族劣根性的典型性格：阿Q与彼列多诺夫。两者有许多共性：明显的精神胜利倾向;愚昧无知,信守正统;强烈的自愿为奴意识;毫无特操;卑怯;盲目地崇尚暴力。两者的差异也表现在诸多方面,主要是一为＂卑怯的‘末人’＂,一为＂卑劣的小鬼＂。同时,鲁迅的＂狂人＂与彼列多诺夫也有明显的可比性：都是被迫害狂,但彼列多诺夫同时又是迫害狂。＂吃人＂与＂告密＂是《狂人日记》与《卑劣的小鬼》两部作品的关键词,也是两个对应的意象,它们包孕着甚为深刻的文化内容;同时两作又都深蕴着＂救救孩子＂的深意。两位作家在用多种创作方法塑造民族的典型性格时,都给与人物的生成环境以充分的描写,从民族性格的否定性出发,进而彻底否定了性格的生成环境,从而昭示出未来革命的必然性乃至暴烈性,尽管鲁迅写的是一场失败了的革命,索洛古勃是在以后的《创造的传奇》中更为全面地预言了革命。     

基于认知分层理论的外语思辨能力研究

思辨能力培养是我国外语专业教学的薄弱环节,更是外语人才培养的软肋。外语专业教学必须以培养学生的思辨能力为导向,纠正影响思辨能力发展的外部因素。文章基于布鲁姆认知能力分层理论,以具体的写作课、语言学课、英语演讲课为例,从不同角度、不同内容和不同层次对思辨能力的培养纳入外语专业的教育过程进行了详实阐述,所以只有提升外语专业学生的思辨能力,才能提高外语人才的培养质量。     

东北地区大城市现代化水平比较研究

以东北地区主要城市为研究区,采用AHP法用反映城市现代化不同侧面内涵的经济现代化、城市建设现代化、社会现代化与科技教育现代化四个层次20项指标构建城市现代化水平评价指标体系,分析实施振兴东北老工业基地重大战略以来各城市现代化发展变化。研究表明,2005-2010年东北地区的城市化进程明显加快,但位序上没有发生变化,依次是大连、沈阳、长春和哈尔滨。同时也表明长春与哈尔滨的城市化水平离现代化还有一段距离,但处于快速发展阶段。城市化各子系统分析还表明实现城市现代化需要在发展经济的同时协调好各个方面的关系以便共同提高。     

明朝对日本贸易政策的演变

明朝对日本实行的贸易政策,围绕着被动依赖日本方面抑制倭寇活动或主动加强海禁、打击倭寇骚扰等问题,随时进行着调整.刚开始对日本实行羁縻政策,准许他们入明朝贡,企图通过外交活动来抑制倭寇的侵扰,但由于双方对朝贡贸易的理解不一样,遂引发了宁波的拼杀事件--"争贡之役".明朝以此罢市舶,严海禁,断绝与日本的朝贡贸易关系,并一直维持到明朝末年.     

Privatising social housing in Taiwan

This article first reviews how the concept of privatisation has been referred to in the current restructuring of the social housing system, especially in the case of the UK. The term 'privatisation' is then examined in greater detail and its wider meaning is discussed. By using the network approach, privatisation in relation to housing can be understood in terms of the changing combinations of agents involved in providing social housing, which gives rise to the commodified impact on the distribution of social housing. By using the privatisation process of social housing in Taiwan as an example, three distinct combinations in terms of providing social housing are identified. With an increasing number of social housing units being provided by the marketised social housing model where private agents control the process of providing social housing, along with more market rules being involved in the provision and the partial removal of means tests in relation to the distribution of social housing, the privatisation of social housing development in Taiwan is having a major impact on equity.     

汉代七言体铜镜铭文文体学意义初探

汉代铜镜铭文中存在着数量可观的“七言体”形式。其特点是 :整齐的七言句式 ,注意到了用韵 ,结构完整 ,在音顿、节奏等方面与传统七言诗相同。据此认为 ,汉代七言体铜镜铭文即是完整的七言体诗歌。汉代铜镜铭文七言诗形成的时间可以上溯至西汉时期 ,由此否定了“可靠的完整的七言歌谣在汉以前似还无有”的结论。汉代铜镜铭文七言诗在形式上的特点 ,标志着它正处在七言诗由民间歌谣向文人创作发展的过渡阶段。     

从内生增长模型探讨日本经济发展的可能性

罗默模型的核心是技术进步。按照罗默的分析,似乎一国的研究人员越多,经济增长就越快。其隐含的假设是研究人员的水平相同,这与实际情况明显不符。巴罗等人对内生增长模型进行了修改,提出了行业差别性的“胜者全得”概念,并用来分析一国的经济追赶,提出了产生追赶的模仿技术增长公式,还指出了“模仿陷阱”的存在。在此基础上对日本经济长期衰退的原因及复苏的可能性进行了分析。     

行政计划制度之比较

西方国家如法国、德国、美国、日本等国分别在其行政程序法中就行政计划作了明确规定,主要规范了行政计划的内容,行政计划的制定、确定、裁定、变更、监督程序,行政计划的救济途经。借鉴西方国家经验,对完善我国立法和建立、健全行政计划制度具有重要意义。     

构建中国特色社会主义经济制度所应遵循的四大原则

构建中国特色社会主义经济制度是当代中国面对的重大理论问题和实践问题。要使中国经济制度的构建更加富有绩效,我们必须遵循价值理性与制度理性辩证统一的原则,既要坚持正确的价值取向,又要坚持制度理性;必须遵循公平与效率辩证统一的原则,既要坚持效率优先,同时又要更加关注公平;必须遵循科学发展的原则,通过制度创新,推进经济增长方式的根本转变和经济的可持续发展,推进经济结构内部以及经济与社会与人与自然的和谐发展;必须遵循对外开放的原则,通过制度创新,为中国经济在更大范围、更广领域和更高层次参与国际经济的分工、合作、竞争提供制度支持。