Opportunities for woman-initiated HIV prevention methods among female sex workers in southern China

Rapid changes in China over the past two decades have led to significant problems associated with population migration and changing social attitudes, including a growing sex industry and concurrent increases in STIs and HIV. This article reports results of an exploratory study of microbicide acceptability and readiness and current HIV prevention efforts among female sex workers in two rural and one urban town in Hainan and Guangxi Provinces in southern China. The study focused on these women's knowledge and cultural understandings of options for protecting themselves from exposure to STIs and HIV, and the potential viability and acceptability of woman-initiated prevention methods. We report on ethnographic elicitation interviews conducted with women working within informal sex-work establishments (hotels, massage and beauty parlors, roadside restaurants, boarding houses). We discuss implications of these findings for further promotion of woman-initiated prevention methods such as microbicides and female condoms among female sex workers in China.     

城市用语新释(一)

按:目前出版的有关城市的辞书,对于与城市相关的词汇,大都是从城市学、城市经济学或社会学的角度来定义的.许多定义或多或少地把欧美城市的概念套用到中国城市,从中很难了解中国城市用语的特定涵义.更有不少中国城市特有的用语,至今还很少有确切的诠释.《城市用语新释》对近年来出现和使用频繁的城市用语,包括书面用语和口头用语,分条目加以全新的释义.     

Assessing the effects of land use and land cover patterns on thermal conditions using landscape metrics in city of Indianapolis,United States

Direct applications of remote sensing thermal infrared (TIR) data in landscape ecological research are rare due to limitations in the sensors, calibration, and difficulty in interpretation. Currently there is a general lack of methodology for examining the relationship between land surface temperatures (LST) derived from TIR data and landscape patterns extracted from optical sensors. A separation of landscapes into values directly related to their scale and signature is a key step. In this study, a Landsat ETM+ image of Indianapolis, Unites States, acquired on June 22, 2000, was spectrally unmixed (using spectral mixture analysis, SMA) into fraction endmembers of green vegetation, soil, high albedo, and low albedo. Impervious surface was then computed from the high and low albedo images. A hybrid classification procedure was developed to classify the fraction images into seven land use and land cover (LULC) classes. Using the fractional images, the landscape composition and pattern were examined. Next, pixel-based LST measurements were correlated with the landscape fractional components to investigate LULC based relationships between LST and impervious surface and green vegetation fractions. An examination of the relationship between the LULC and LST maps with landscape metrics was finally conducted to deepen understanding of their interactions. Results indicate that SMA-derived fraction images were effective for quantifying the urban morphology and for providing reliable measurements of biophysical variables. LST was found to be positively correlated with impervious surface fraction but negatively correlated with green vegetation fraction. Each temperature zone was associated with a dominant LULC category. Further research should be directed to the theoretical and applied implications of describing such relationships between LULC patterns and urban thermal conditions.

社会主义荣辱观探讨

社会主义荣辱观的思想渊源在于中外传统道德中的荣辱思想特别是马克思主义荣辱学说。社会主义荣辱观的现实基础在于当前经济、政治、文化发展的迫切需要。社会主义荣辱观的鲜明特色在于弘扬了中华民族的传统美德,弘扬了人类文明的积极成果,彰显了社会主义的时代精神,反映了人民群众的普遍诉求,建构了振兴中华的精神脊梁。     

论终身教育体系:构架、实现方式及功能

终身教育体系具有比传统教育体系更优越的教育功能,不但因为具有更齐全的要素与合理的结构,而且更重要的是具有更科学、更合理的实现方式。本文对终身教育体系的构架、实现方式以及功能进行系统的研究与探讨。     

论全球化背景下的中国非物质文化遗产保护

我国非物质文化遗产保护问题,有其历史的和社会的、国际的和国内的背景,是回应历史发展的要求而提出的。非物质文化遗产既是建设现代民族文化的基础,也是每个民族对世界文化的丰富和贡献。因此必然要从全人类的视角来看待非物质文化遗产保护问题。从古今文化关系的角度说,非物质文化遗产在多数情况下,既是昨天的实录、今天的现实,同时也是明天的预示;从东西方文化关系的角度看,吸纳外来文化和继承原有传统并不是矛盾的,二者所形成的张力对于创造新的文化起着非常重要的作用。然而,由于非物质遗产大都是农业社会条件下的产物,所以今天对它的保护便包含着许多悖论。例如,保护和发展的关系,结构性对象的解构性保护,对传承人的态度,市场经济体制和非物质文化遗产保护等,都隐含着诸多两难的问题,期待着文化行政部门、学术界以及整个社会给出两全的解决方案。因此,对于非物质文化遗产的保护应该贯彻整体性的原则,从整体上加以认识,进行整体性的保护。从根本意义上说,非物质文化遗产的保护,首先应该是对创造、享有和传承该文化遗产的人的保护;同时,对这一遗产的切实有效的保护,也特别依赖于创造、享有和传承这一遗产的群体。促进和保护文化的多样性发展,才是我们努力追求的目标。     

As low birth weight babies grow,can well-educated parents buffer this adverse factor? A research note

This research note combines two national Taiwanese data sets to investigate the relationships among low birth weight (LBW) babies, their parents' educational levels, and their future academic outcomes. We find that LBW is negatively correlated with the probability of such children attending college at age 18; however, when both parents are college or high school graduates, such negative effects may be partially offset. We also show that discrimination against daughters occurs, but only for daughters who were LBW babies. Moreover high parental education can buffer the LBW shock only among moderately LBW children (as compared with very LBW children) and full-term LBW children (as compared with preterm LBW children).     

如何实现西部大开发宁夏优先发展的调查分析

面对在西部大开发中所处的劣势地位,宁夏首先要更新观念,创造新优势,解决好人才问题、资金问题、体制创新和科技创新,并重点抓好事关全局的核心问题,以实现“西部大开发,宁夏要争先”的战略目标。     

文官政治·书卷风流·人文气象--宋代文学存在的社会文化背景分析

有宋一代 ,文化大昌 ,文学也出现繁荣气象 ,这同宋代的社会环境及文化背景密切相关。宋型文化 ,有着向内收敛及注重人文涵养的倾向 ,这也深深影响了宋代文学及文学思想。简言之 ,宋代社会的基础是文官政治 ,内在精神是注重品性涵养 ,外在的表现是书卷风流。它们三位一体 ,构成了宋人所处的富于浓郁人文气息的氛围 ,其审美情趣也从外在的羁旅漫游、征戍迁谪、行旅离别 ,逐渐转向丰富多彩的心智活动 ,于是构成宋代文学及文学思想中博大精深的人文气象