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91.
Dipl.-Kfm Jan Markus Mai 《Zeitschrift für Betriebswirtschaft》2006,76(12):1225-1253
Zusammenfassung Aus der Empfehlung des IDW, die für die Unternehmensbewertung mittels der DCF-Verfahren erforderlichen Kapitalkosten aus dem
einperiodigen Tax-CAPM abzuleiten, ergibt sich die Notwendigkeit, dieses Modell mehrperiodig anzuwenden. Sowohl die hierzu
erforderlichen Pr?missen als auch die Struktur der aus der mehrperiodigen Anwendung resultierenden Bewertungsgleichungen sind
bislang ungekl?rt. Der vorliegende Beitrag spezifiziert ein mehrperiodiges Tax-CAPM, welches zur Bewertung mehrperiodiger
stochastischer Cash-Flows bei differenzierter Besteuerung von Zinsen, Dividenden und Wert?nderungen eingesetzt werden kann.
Die aus der Anwendung dieses Modells resultierenden Bewertungsgleichungen erm?glichen die Abbildung sowohl des Risikos als
auch der Besteuerung einer durch den Kapitalmarkt bestimmten Alternativanlage mittels deterministischer Diskontierungsfaktoren,
welche die Kapitalkosten der zu bewertenden Cash-Flows darstellen. Unter den restriktiven Pr?missen des vorliegenden Modells
ist es demnach m?glich, die Einkommensbesteuerung der Kapitalgeber konsistent in die DCF-Verfahren zu integrieren.
Der Autor dankt zwei anonymen Gutachtern der ZfB für wertvolle Hinweise und Verbesserungsvorschl?ge. 相似文献
92.
Markus Klein 《Research in social stratification and mobility》2011,29(4):427-444
The paper investigates long-term trends in the association between educational attainment and class destinations in Germany. Most recent evidence for several European countries reveals a downward effect of education on social class. To test changes in the association in Germany I use the 1976–2007 waves of the German Microcensus (GMC), which is a nationally representative, repeated cross-sectional survey. For Germany, log-linear models indicate that the relationship between education and class destinations remains rather constant for both sexes. I also find that returns to higher education in access to service class positions do not consistently decline either. Only university graduates’ relative access chances slightly decreased in comparison to Abitur-holders from the 1980s to the 1990s. In order to consider compositional changes in the service class in more detail, I further disaggregate the service class into three types of employment: administrative/managerial positions, professional experts and professional positions in the social services. In fact, I find that access to administrative and managerial positions is less dependent on education than access to the professions. While professional positions in the social services become less stratified by education over time, it is compensated by a reverse development for professional experts. As substantially more employees work in administrative and managerial jobs since the 1970s, the slight reduction in university returns can indeed be attributed to a compositional effect. In spite of these qualitative and quantitative changes, the strong impact of education on access to the service class does not become blurred. The paper concludes that the persistent institutional framework in Germany does not lead to a decline in the overall association between educational attainment and class destinations. 相似文献
93.
Maria Licata Markus Paulus Claudia Thoermer Susanne Kristen Amanda L. Woodward Beate Sodian 《Social Development》2014,23(2):340-356
The current study investigated the relationship between mother–child interaction quality and infants' ability to interpret actions as goal‐directed at 7 months in a sample of 37 dyads. Interaction quality was assessed in a free play interaction using two distinct methods: one assessed the overall affective quality (emotional availability), and one focused on the mother's proclivity to treat her infant as an intentional agent (mind‐mindedness). Furthermore, infants' ability to interpret human actions as goal‐directed was assessed. Analyses revealed that only maternal emotional availability, and not maternal mind‐mindedness, was related to infants' goal‐encoding ability. This link remained stable even when controlling for child temperament, working memory, and maternal education. These findings provide first evidence that emotionally available caregiving promotes social‐cognitive development in preverbal infants. 相似文献
94.
Markus Kröger 《Globalizations》2018,15(5):581-592
Deforestation has risen sharply in Brazil since 2012, and conservation areas are facing increased pressure. This article studies the rise of so-called ‘sustainable’, ‘communitarian’, and/or ‘cooperative’ logging schemes inside multiple-use conservation areas in the Amazon. The findings, based on fresh field research in Acre and Pará, reveal conflicts, problems, and risks associated with logging schemes, although they are portrayed in the international timber trade as certified and socio-environmentally sustainable solutions that help conservation. However, the expansion of logging presents a danger for curtailing forest degradation, fires, and corruption that is linked to the fast returns from sale of timber, especially inside conservation areas that have been mostly intact until now. There is an urgent need to change the strategy of promoting logging as a key source of income for forest-dwellers, and a need to change the policies allowing the expansion of ‘sustainable logging’. 相似文献
95.
During the recent financial and economic crisis, trade unions and employers’ associations have increasingly concluded collective agreements on so-called “collegial temporary work” that enables flexible deployment of employees, especially for small and medium sized enterprises. Empirical results show large differences in the application of those collective agreements: While the possibilities of the agreements were sometimes actively used in some regions, companies in other regions avoided implementation – despite their potential to cope with important challenges of economic crises and skill shortages. The paper selects a structuration theory perspective to analyze the reasons for the differences in the practice of this human resource management strategy by comparing two German regions (Braunschweig and the Ruhr area). The differences in the practices can be traced back to regional cultural patterns, interests of key actors, and the degree of involvement during the implementation period. 相似文献
96.
Designed vegetation is a major contributor to ecosystem service provision in cities, and as such the study of how herbivory
and other ecological factors determine its capacity to deliver such services, is long overdue. This study investigated the
effect of slug grazing on the establishment and development of 26 species of North American prairie forbs and grasses used
in sown or planted naturalistic communities in urban greenspace. The experiment was designed to provide slugs with the opportunity
to choose between the plant species used, to mirror the situation that prevails in public greenspace. Slug density was manipulated
through baiting with metaldehyde at different frequencies. Seedlings of prairie species were more palatable to slugs than
adults. Seedling establishment was significantly reduced in most species by slug grazing, with only seven species showing
no significant increase in establishment in response to baiting with metaldehyde. In many species successful establishment
was based on moderate-high unpalatability and large or fast growing seedlings. Adult prairie plants were typically more able
to withstand slug damage, and once their shoots reached a certain size, grazing declined. This was not true of the most palatable
species, which even as adults were eventually eliminated by grazing in the absence of baiting. Phenology plays an important
role in the survival of adults, with early emerging species potentially subject to severe damage due to the limited availability
of alternate food plants. As a group, prairie forbs are typically palatable to slugs, and unlikely to be persistent in the
most slug-rich urban situations. 相似文献
97.
This article hypothesizes that individuals’ environmental attitudes depend not only on their knowledge, interests, emotions, and values but also on the social context in which they live. We test this hypothesis by analyzing the 2000/01 ISSP‐II Survey on Environmental Attitudes; the data include respondents from 23 countries. Our findings show that individual characteristics influence both “pessimistic environmental orientations” and “the willingness to act in favor of the environment.” As for social context, the level of development and affluence, the degree of political centralization, the presence of green movements and parties, and the degree of objective pollution in a country are all important. However, their influences on fatalism and willingness vary. 相似文献
98.
The biogeographical centers of origin of important food crops-called Vavilov centers-are considered to be crucial sources of genetic diversity for present and future crop-breeding programs and thus for human food safety worldwide. Global environmental change and more intensified modes of crop production may cause genetic erosion (loss of traditional crop varieties and loss of crop wild relatives), especially in Vavilov centers. The present study focused on how the risk of genetic erosion (or loss of agro-biodiversity) is perceived in comparison to 16 other risk topics by experts and lay people in Austria and China. The most striking result was that genetic erosion was perceived to be an exceptionally unknown and uncertain risk topic, given that only genetically modified organisms (GMOs) were perceived as being even more uncertain. As a consequence of the high uncertainty, the idea of applying the precautionary principle to further prevent genetic erosion is discussed. An unprecedented finding-one that differs from Austrian participants-is that the Chinese have a higher perceived control over all risk topics. The increased perception of controllability in China is discussed in light of the theory of reflexive modernization. This theory strives to explain the increased critical attitude in Western countries such as Austria toward scientific innovations and toward the idea that everything can be calculated and mastered at will. By revealing different notions of risk perception, this research also provides additional scientific input to risk communication efforts for public education. 相似文献
99.
100.
An ordered heterogeneity (OH) test is a test for a trend that combines a non-directional heterogeneity test with the rank-order information specified under the alternative. We propose two modifications of the OH test procedure: (1) to use the mean ranks of the groups rather than the sample means to determine the observed ordering of the groups, and (2) to use the maximum correlation out of the 2k???1 – 1 possibilities under the alternative rather than the single ordering (1, 2, … , k), where k is the number of independent groups. A simulation study indicates that these two changes increase the power of the ordered heterogeneity test when, as common in practice, the underlying distribution may deviate from a normal distribution and the trend pattern is a priori unknown. In contrast to the original OH test, the modified OH test can detect all possible patterns under the alternative with a relatively high power. 相似文献