Depression and childhood illness

Childhood depression as a component of the impact of childhood illness or developmental impairment on the latency age child is studied in relation to three diagnostic groups: children with asthma, cancer, and psychiatric diagnoses of behavioral disorders. The study revealed a range of coping styles to deal with the anxiety, loss and feelings induced by the specific crises. The special dimensions of stress and coping adaptations affected the child's developing self concept, the separation individuation process and the child-parent relationships. Depressive symptoms were variously present within and between the three groups of children.This study was funded, in part, by grants from the University of Michigan Medical School and the Horace Rackham Graduate School of the University of Michigan.     

Privileging Fieldwork Over Interviews: Consequences for Identity and Practice

Qualitative sociologists typically privilege fieldwork over interviews. What happens to fieldworkers who now ask questions but no longer hang out? What about those who rely exclusively on intensive interviewing while participant observation remains the standard? The authors examine the negative consequences of privileging fieldwork for identity and practice, the unique contributions of in-depth interviewing, and the differences in the tales that fieldworkers and interviewers tell. An inclusive identity anchored to the analytical assumptions fieldworkers and interviewers share would increase qualitative researchers' confidence and lead them to do better work.     

The effect of voting procedures on union representation elections: The multi-union case

Public choice theorists have shown that choice of voting procedures may affect the outcome when more than two alternatives are on a ballot. The run-off election and the two-part ballot are two alternatives used in representation elections involving more than one union. A comparison of these alternatives under various voting strategies shows that the run-off election used by the NLRB results in fewer union wins if workers vote sincerely or if they engage in strategic behavior. The run-off procedure results in more union wins if workers seek to avoid their least-favored option or if they follow a second-best strategy.     

Common Law in Action: the Prosecution of Felonies and Misdemeanors*

This paper draws attention to the common-law distinction between felonies and misdemeanors. It asks whether this distinction, when drawn on the level of formal criminal procedure, has its counterpart on the informal level, in the use of different criteria to decide whether and how to prosecute the defendant. Analysis of data from the District of Columbia indicates that the felony-misdemeanor distinction clearly conditions the role of both legally relevant and irrelevant factors, but not in the simple straightforward way initially hypothesized. The paper concludes with a discussion of the empirical and theoretical implications of the findings.     

From Colonialism to Ultranationalism: History and Development of Career Counseling in Malaysia

This article documents the development of career counseling in Malaysia from 1957—when the British colonizers departed—to 2000. Although counseling, psychology, and psychiatry had their roots in mental health and medical environments, career counseling had its origins in the system of schooling and has now spread widely to business and industry. This article presents information on the historic and economic context of the development of career counseling, an exploration of the educational system from which career counseling was born, the cultural elements that have formed career counseling in the Malaysian context, and the application of M. Pope's (1995, 2000) stage development model to the development of career counseling in the Malaysian context.     

The decision making process of older adults who elect to receive ECT

Although there is extensive literature on electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), little documentation exists about how an individual makes the decision to receive ECT. This phenomenological study is an exploratory examination of the decision making process of older adults with mental illness who elect to receive ECT. Study participants included 7 older adults without dementia from a suburban geriatric medicine/psychiatry practice who elected to receive ECT. The lived experience of decision making as perceived by these 7 participants was a process that moved them toward wellness. The data revealed four significant themes: Support, Trust, Past Experience, and Desperation. An overriding substantive theme identified as an obstacle was the Stigma of Mental Illness. This study provided a basis for planning clinical practice and building further research.     

Knowing Terrible Things: Engaging Survivors of Extreme Violence in Treatment

Survivors of extreme violence can be difficult to engage in treatment. Often this is caused by a sense of isolation drawn from the belief that no one who has not shared their experience can comprehend it. The only others who know what they know are those who have died of the violence, fellow survivors and the perpetrators. The clinician attempting to treat such patients may be placed in a dilemma: how to convey the capacity to know terrible things without being destroyed by the survivor, while at the same time not conveying that one is dangerous oneself. This paper suggests a method of utilizing unconscious aggressive fantasy to access the capacity to convey to the survivor that it is possible to hear, understand and contain violent experience. Case illustrations indicate how such capacity might be conveyed, so that a treatment alliance can begin.

Osteoporosis knowledge and attitudes: a cross-sectional study among college-age students

OBJECTIVE: The authors' purpose in this study was to investigate the influence of knowledge of osteoporosis, attitudes regarding osteoporosis, and knowledge of dietary calcium on dairy product intake in both male and female college-age students. PARTICIPANTS: The authors conducted this cross-sectional study on 911 men and women enrolled in 2 demographically similar universities. METHODS: A modified osteoporosis knowledge questionnaire assessed participant's general osteoporosis knowledge and perceived disease risk. RESULTS: The authors found that knowledge of osteoporosis and calcium did not significantly influence dairy product intake. Attitude regarding osteoporosis was a significant predictor of dairy product intake in men but was not significant for the women. CONCLUSIONS: The authors recommend development and implementation of educational programs designed to increase awareness of calcium-rich food sources as well as other risk factors of this crippling disease.     

Bleeding with menopausal hormone therapy: physiological or pathological?

Abnormal bleeding is a common reason for discontinuation of hormone replacement therapy. There is little consensus regarding when to investigate abnormal bleeding, what to do about persistent bleeding or when reinvestigation is indicated. Transvaginal ultrasound, endometrial biopsy and hysteroscopy are discussed. The mechanisms of this bleeding are poorly understood and do not correlate well with endometrial histology or the type or dose of hormone therapy used. Endometrial bleeding requires breakdown of endometrial vessels and their overlying epithelium. Endometrial vascular breakdown appears to be largely locally regulated. Potential mechanisms involved in endometrial bleeding include: changes in the ratio of vascular endothelial growth factor (pro-angiogenic) to thrombospondin-1 (anti-angiogenic); alterations in matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors; changes in endometrial haemostasis due to tissue factor; and increased endometrial leucocytes.