Negotiating needletime: the Musicians’ Union,the BBC and the record companies,c. 1920–1990

This article examines an important, but hitherto largely overlooked, licensing system which operated in the UK between the late 1920s and late 1980s and limited the amount of recorded music that broadcasters could use in radio progammes. Known as ‘needletime’ the system was formalized in the 1930s when the BBC reached a collective agreement with the UK’s record companies – here acting via the copyright licensing society Phonographic Performance Limited (PPL) – about the amount of records that it could play. Drawing on previously unused materials, the article provides a revisionist account of the development of needletime, focusing on the actions of a third party, the Musicians’ Union (MU). As is shown, the MU was able to exercise influence on both camps and thus to have a profound impact on the development of music radio and the wider music industries in the UK. Previous accounts of needletime are critiqued and it is suggested that, while it was accused of operating ‘restrictive practices’, the MU’s role can be seen more as an attempt to ensure that the suitably remunerated employment of musicians was as widespread as possible. Needletime emerges as perhaps the key agreement thus far within the UK’s music industries’ industrial relations.     

Ordentliche Arbeiterkinder,konzentrierte Mittelschichtkinder?

Conscientiousness has proved to be one of the most important non-cognitive skills for success in the life course, especially in terms of education and employment. The development of this trait becomes therefore a subject of inequality research. Based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) a Structural Equation Model is estimated. The main question is whether the development of the child’s conscientiousness is determined by the mother’s personality or by their social origin and, furthermore, in how far these correlations are mediated by the mother’s parenting practices. In order to answer this question the differentiation between ability to focus and orderliness as two different facets of conscientiousness is of central interest. The facet ability to focus is the important one for stratification. Not only is it highly influenced by the mother’s personality, but to a similar extend the influence of social backround could be found. It could be shown, that the mother’s skill-oriented parenting practices similar to those described in the work of Lareau, partially mediate the effect of social backround on the childs’ ability to focus.     

The effect of child maltreatment on illegal and problematic behaviour: new evidence on the ‘cycle of violence’ using twins data

This paper investigates the effect of physical and sexual child maltreatment on several types of illegal and problematic behaviour. By using variation within pairs of twins, we are able to mitigate concerns about confounding factors from previous studies. Using ordinary least squares and twin fixed effects estimation approaches, we find that child maltreatment has a large effect on illegal and problematic behaviours such as drug abuse, conduct disorders, and crime. The estimated effects suggest an increase of illegal and problematic behaviour between 50 and 100%. Our findings are consistent with the so-called cycle of violence hypothesis.     

Work,family and public policy dynamics in France

To understand the relationships between changes to the family and changes to the sphere of work and employment, and how they have developed over time, requires considering a third factor, i.e. public policies, and in particular family policies. In this article, we attempt to clarify theoretically these interactions by taking into account the changes that have taken place in France since World War II. To appraise the French configuration in a special issue on Southern Europe, we begin by explaining why we consider France is following a ‘Southern path’. In a second section, we argue that family transformations are mainly the result of changes that affect work and employment. A similar process combining individualisation, flexibility and precariousness is affecting both spheres of existence. In a last section, we prose a matrix of ideas, ideologies and outcomes to understand the main family policy reforms since World War II.     

La convention et la recommandation de l'OIT sur les travailleurs domestiques: une ouverture pour la justice sociale

Les travailleurs domestiques constituent une main‐d'?uvre largement féminine, dont les droits sociaux ont été négligés depuis toujours. Il devenait d'autant plus urgent d'agir que la demande de services domestiques et à la personne augmente fortement. La convention n° 189 et la recommandation n° 201 établissent des normes minimales pour le travail domestique. L'auteur fait le point sur les textes internationaux applicables avant 2011, puis présente les définitions et le champ d'application des deux instruments, avant d'en venir à leurs dispositions sur le temps de travail, la rémunération, l'environnement de travail, les conditions de vie, la sécurité sociale et à leur mise en application.     

Interventions to Improve Late Life

This is an expanded version of comments on the future of the demography of aging at an invited session of the 2008 annual meeting of the Population Association of America. In an introduction, John Haaga offers reasons for a revival of interest in population aging, including greater realization of plasticity in aging trajectories at both individual and societal levels. Linda Martin proposes that population scientists working in aging emulate those studying fertility and family planning in previous decades, learning from interventions (in this case, aimed at increasing retirement savings and reducing disability at older ages). Changes in family structure will increasingly affect new cohorts of the elderly, and Linda Waite speculates on the ways in which changes in the economy, medicine, and the legal environment could affect the social context for aging. Research on mortality at older ages is “alive and well” asserts James Vaupel, who sets out six large questions on mortality trends and differentials over time and across species. Lastly, Wolfgang Lutz expands the scope of projections, showing the considerable uncertainty about the timing and pace of population aging in the developing world and the effects on future elderly of the increases in educational attainment in much of the world during the second half of the twentieth century.