“He Did It on Purpose!” Family Correlates of Negative Attributions About an Adolescent Sibling

Scholars have suggested that family life may influence children's attributions about close relationships. Using a sample of 369 two‐parent families with 2 children (a target adolescent in the 8th grade and a sibling aged 10 to 18), we investigated whether the sibling's negative attributions regarding the target adolescent were associated with mother's and father's negative attributions regarding the target adolescent, or the gender constellation and birth order of the sibling pair. In addition, we used the self‐reported negative attributions of both siblings and adolescents to investigate whether attributions predicted one's own behavior, or whether the behavior of the partner predicted the perceiver's negative attributions. Structural equation models showed that mothers' and fathers' negative attributions regarding the target adolescent predicted concurrent negative attributions for girls, but not boys. In addition, siblings' negative attributions regarding each other predicted their negative and positive behavior toward the partner 2 years later. The positive behavior of the attribution target also predicted the perceiver's negative attributions, but its effect was weaker. Girl sibling pairs were less negative in their attributions than cross‐sex sibling pairs and boy sibling pairs. Finally, although younger siblings were less negative in their attributions than older siblings, this difference decreased over time. This study advances the knowledge of negative attributions in close relationships by identifying family correlates of an understudied, but important, close relationship.     

Towards Extended Schools? How Education and Other Professionals Understand Community‐Oriented Schooling

The government in England is proposing that every school should offer extended services to children, families and communities. However, in the absence of agreed models of how such community‐oriented schooling should operate, its form will depend on how it is understood by the education professionals and their partners in other agencies who have to make it work in practice. This article draws on data from interviews with over 350 professionals to outline two such understandings. It suggests that they rest on different assumptions about fundamental social and educational issues and argues for a more open debate around these issues. Copyright © 2006 The Author(s). Journal compilation © National Children's Bureau.     

Mixed‐scale models for survival/sacrifice experiments

Information derived from interim sacrifices or on cause of death is routinely used in the statistical analyses of carcinogenicity experiments involving occult tumours. The authors describe a simple semiparametric model which does not require this information. Natural deaths during the experiment and the usual terminal sacrifice provide sufficient information to ensure that the tumour incidence rates, which are of primary interest in occult‐tumour studies, can be estimated nonparametrically. The advantages of this semiparametric approach to the analysis of survival/sacrifice experiments are illustrated using data from a study on benzyl acetate conducted under the U. S. National Toxicology Program. The results derived compare favourably with those obtained using a previously published approach to the analysis of tumorigenicity data.     

The importance of appearing competent: An analysis of corporate impression management strategies on the World Wide Web

Web sites have become important impression management tools for corporations because they represent a constantly available source of information for an organization's publics. This study used quantitative content analysis to assess current corporate impression management techniques, using Jones’ typology of impression management strategies: ingratiation, competence, exemplification, supplication and intimidation. Findings indicate that corporate Web sites focus on competence and exemplification strategies, and that they are not using the full two-way communication capabilities of the Web.     

Fishermens blues: Factors related to accidents and safety among Newfoundland fishermen

The fisheries is one of the most dangerous industries in Canada. Possible contributory causes of the high rate of injuries are a fatalistic attitude to accidents and safety, and a high level of anxiety and worry among fishermen. These characteristics would be expected to lead to less attention to safety procedures and a consequent greater risk of accidents. The purpose of this study was to explore fishermen's levels of fatalism and anxiety; to consider the relationship of these factors to the frequency of accidents and extent of safety precautions; and to explore fishermen's explanations of and suggested solutions to the high rate of injuries at sea. The study was conducted among a sample of inshore fishermen who fished in the waters around Newfoundland. Fifty-five fishermen completed a questionnaire that requested basic demographic details, information on injuries obtained, safety precautions taken, perceived locus of control over accidents, anxiety, worries and explanations for accidents and possible measures to reduce them. Analysis of their replies revealed that the fishermen reported a high level of anxiety and that those who reported most anxiety reported more injuries and fewer safety precautions.     

情绪智力概念化研究：共识、争议及趋势

情绪智力是当代心理科学中最难界定的概念之一。虽然在过去的近20年里,人们从多角度对情绪智力进行研究并取得许多有益的结果,但迄今为止仍有许多重大问题悬而未解,其中就包括情绪智力的概念化问题。在系统分析和梳理已有情绪智力概念化研究的基础上,较为清晰地阐述了人们在情绪智力概念化研究上所取得的五个共识、存在的五个争议以及今后需要进一步研究的六个问题,以期促进情绪智力研究的深入。     

Understanding the sex ratio in India: A simulation approach

The highly masculine sex ratio in India has increased substantially in the twentieth century, in contrast to most other countries in the world. Competing arguments alternatively posit under-enumeration, highly masculine sex ratios at birth, or excess female mortality throughout the life course as the factors underlying the level of the overall sex ratio; these arguments have not been resolved. Based on population projections that simulate population dynamics, our findings show that small differences in mortality at young ages, persisting over a long period, as well as a sex ratio at birth of 106 males per 100 females, result in a highly masculine population sex ratio.     

No Switchbacks: Rethinking Aspiration-Based Dynamics in the Ultimatum Game

Aspiration-based evolutionary dynamics have recently been used to model the evolution of fair play in the ultimatum game showing that incredible threats to reject low offers persist in equilibrium. We focus on two extensions of this analysis: we experimentally test whether assumptions about agent motivations (aspiration levels) and the structure of the game (binary strategy space) reflect actual play, and we examine the problematic assumption embedded in the standard replicator dynamic that unhappy agents who switch strategies may return to a rejected strategy without exploring other options. We find that the resulting “no switchback” dynamic predicts the evolution of play better than the standard dynamic and that aspirations are a significant motivator for our participants. In the process, we also construct and analyze a variant of the ultimatum game in which players can adopt conditional (on their induced aspirations) strategies.