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221.
222.
We estimate the effect that dropping out of high school has on 8 outcomes pertaining to wages, employment and subsequent skill
acquisition for youths. Our analysis is based on the older cohort of the Youth in Transition Survey (YITS) for 2003, an ideal
data set because it contains a rich array of outcome measures and characteristics on individuals when they are in high school
and a few years later. Our analysis indicates that dropouts have poorer wage and employment outcomes, and they do not make
up for their lack of education through additional skill acquisition and training. The analysis thereby suggests that policies
to curb dropping out could have both desirable efficiency effects (high returns) as well as distributional effects (high returns
to otherwise more disadvantaged groups) and potential social spillover effects. 相似文献
223.
Michele A. Sam 《Social indicators research》2011,103(2):315-325
Offering an Indigenous perspective, this commentary discusses collaborative research, shared meaning making, and knowledge
building specific to child development, and reflects on social, cultural, and historical aspects that influence these processes.
Drawing upon experiences of developing a collaborative research approach with which to engage Aboriginal communities to appreciate,
understand, and potentially use the Early Development Instrument (EDI; Janus and Offord in Can J Behav Sci 39:1–22, 2007), a teacher-administered rating scale on kindergarten children’s development, the commentary focuses on five key questions
relevant to research processes undertaken with Indigenous Peoples, and the importance of social, ethical, and cultural aspects
of validity: How do Indigenous epistemologies and knowledges inform and influence research processes that utilize the EDI
as a measurement tool? How can the EDI be used as a measurement tool within a research process that fosters the thriving of
children and their families in Aboriginal communities while promoting Indigenous Peoples’ self-determination? In what ways
do local, Indigenous cultural and ethical considerations inform aspects of validation research pertaining to the EDI? How
can (Western mainstream) universities build research capacity that is informed by Indigenous knowledges and ways of being,
doing, and knowing? What are the potential consequences of using normative research tools—such as the EDI—as a method to build
knowledge on children’s development with Indigenous Peoples and Aboriginal communities? This commentary suggests that from
an Indigenous perspective, research on child development is valid and meaningful knowledge if it is clearly linked to the
children’s and families’ wellbeing according to local cultural norms and values. 相似文献
224.
225.
Dimensions of Social Status in Preadolescent Peer Groups: Likability, Perceived Popularity, and Social Dominance 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A multidimensional, interdisciplinary model of social status was developed and examined in a sample of 487 fourth, fifth, and sixth grade elementary school students. Participants were clustered into seven subtypes (i.e., High Status, Perceived Popular/Dominant, Well‐Liked/Dominant, Average, Low Dominant/Unpopular, Disliked, and Low Status) based on the dimensions of likability, perceived popularity, and social dominance emphasized, respectively, by psychologists working within the sociometric tradition, sociologists of education, and ethologists. The meaningfulness of the cluster solution was supported by cluster differences on peer‐reported social prerogatives of status (e.g., admiration, social control, leadership) and self‐reported social characteristics. Furthermore, each cluster had a distinct behavioral profile. It was argued that a broader, multidisciplinary conceptualization of social status should lead to a better understanding of the complex dynamics present in children's peer groups in middle childhood as well as the tools preadolescents need to successfully navigate the peer system. 相似文献
226.
James R. Murphy Gail E. Armstrong Michele Reynolds Stuart G. Gordon 《Risk analysis》1994,14(1):97-100
The volume of publications on any given topic makes it difficult to select an appropriate subset of publications for review by an expert panel. This paper proposes a method for selecting a subset using a protocol that attempts to order publications based upon good research methods. The protocol was followed by graduate students with no expert knowledge of the area they were reviewing. They reduced 11730 articles on the topic of EMF and Health risk to 68 articles that were reviewed by an expert panel. The interrater reliability was 96% and 94% of the relevant articles were captured by this process. 相似文献
227.
Karen Healy Michele Haynes Anne Hampshire 《International Journal of Social Welfare》2007,16(2):110-118
In recent years, governments in many post-industrial nations have re-discovered 'community'. Social capital and neighbourhood renewal are key concepts underpinning policies aimed at building the capacities of communities to respond to the problems facing them. Despite the apparent consensus amongst Anglo-American governments about the use of social capital, and related concepts, as a guide for policy formulation these ideas remain hotly contested amongst social policy commentators. Against a general backdrop of disquiet about the application of social capital initiatives to communities facing significant social and economic challenges, some commentators highlight the curious inattention to gender in debates about social capital. This is all the more troubling given the apparent reliance of social capital initiatives on the informal network-building activities often undertaken by women. In this article we present findings from an empirical study of social capital creation across four geographically diverse communities. We show that the relationship between gender and social capital is complex. We argue that the 'one-size-fits-all' approach to social capital formulation fails to recognise gendered patterns of social capital formulation, but so, too, do analyses of gender that neglect the complex interactions between gender and other factors, particularly location, age and income. We argue for approaches to policy formulation that recognise local differences, including differences between and amongst men and women in social capital creation. 相似文献
228.
Valtonen Kathleen; Sogren Michele; Cameron-Padmore Jacqueline 《British Journal of Social Work》2006,36(1):57-73
This qualitative study was conducted among persons recoveringfrom substance abuse. The data were collected in three rehabilitationfacilities in Trinidad in 200203. The aim was to examinethe types of coping strategies which subjects used and learnedin response to stressful and problematic life situations, startingwith experiences related to childhood and socialization. Thecoping styles reported were overwhelming in the category ofemotion-focused coping, developed in the main to regulate stressin uncontrollable situations in childhood and to cope with theloss of significant others. Only a minority used, or were ableto use, problem-focused or social support coping strategiesto meet stressful events. It is suggested that the observedbias in the development of the individuals coping armamentariummight have had, in the long run, negative implications for individualscapacity to meet ongoing challenges of life. This has criticalimplications for how we fashion preventive approaches to theproblem of substance abuse. 相似文献
229.
Research on contact theory has typically presented four major situational conditions of intergroup contact as separate and equally important in creating an environment that leads to lower levels of racial/ethnic prejudice. We empirically test this "separate and equal" assumption with a variety of student samples and outcome variables. Using data from three cohorts of high school students, as well as one middle school sample, we demonstrate that acquaintance potential and interdependence are the most consistent and robust predictors of prejudice reduction, outgroup orientation, and perceptions of a common ingroup identity. Findings concerning differences in the relative importance of these situational conditions for different racial/ethnic groups are also reported. Implications for implementing optimal contact conditions for prejudice reduction among various ethnic groups are drawn. 相似文献
230.
We use a cross-country survey of attitudes toward work and unions, which includes a sample of managers in both the US and Canada, to explore whether there is greater attitudinal hostility to unions in the U.S. Our estimates indicate that American manager’s attitudes towards unions are, perhaps surprisingly, less hostile than those of Canadian managers. We explain this first finding by the differential effect of perceived union power, which is greater in Canada than the US and which is correlated negatively with union approval. We also find that US managers are less likely to use extreme methods to oppose union organizing drives, implying that the lower union rates in the US as compared to Canada are not likely the result of greater negativity towards unions themselves but rather some other factor or combination of factors. The implication is that if Canadian managers faced the same labor relations playing field as their US counterparts, they would likely find it easier to thwart union certification drives as well. Alternatively stated, Canadian-style labor relations reforms (such as card-check systems or quicker certification votes) could perhaps tip the balance in favor of unions when organizing in the US. 相似文献