IS BOWEN THEORY VALID? A REVIEW OF BASIC RESEARCH

In the last 15 years, a substantial number of studies have tested the theoretical validity of Bowen family systems theory. A review of this basic research provided empirical support for the relationship between differentiation and chronic anxiety, marital satisfaction, and psychological distress. Bowen's assumption that couples with the same level of differentiation marry was not supported. His specific theories of sibling position and triangulation also received little empirical support. Research on multigenerational transmission has generally ignored Bowen's theoretical perspective, and more research needs to test Bowen's claim that his theory is universal. In addition, researchers still need to examine the effect of differentiation on child functioning, physical health problems, and adaptability.     

The effectiveness of job specific training on the occupational performance of student nurses

Body mechanic checklist scores during a one-person pivot transfer, and boosting up in bed were evaluated to determine the effectiveness of training on the work performance of female student nurses from a local college. Thirty subjects participated in the study and were divided into a control group, an experimental group that received basic body mechanic training, and an experimental group that received job specific training. A one-way ANCOVA was calculated to examine the effects of the experimental procedures on the subjects' performance. This revealed a statistically significant difference between the groups (patient transfer F = 10.11, p value < 0.001; boosting F = 38.62, p value < 0.001). A post hoc analysis (Bonferroni procedure) indicated that the job specific training group (mean 11.65, SD 0.66) demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in their performance compared to the other two groups (control group mean 7.5, SD 0.67; BBMT mean 9.66, SD 0.67).     

Gender and racial/ethnic differences in predicting adolescent sexual risk: athletic participation versus exercise

Though often conflated, informal physical exercise and organized athletic participation have very different implications for adolescent sexual risk outcomes. The purpose of this research is to disaggregate strenuous exercise from sports, examine how each is associated with sexual risk, and explain the observed differences using the conceptual lens of cultural resource theory. Using a nationally representative sample of over 16,000 public and private high school students, we employ logistic regression to test hypotheses about the gender-specific and race-specific effects of strenuous exercise and athletic participation on adolescent sexual risk behavior. The results show that both forms of physical activity buffer sexual risk for girls. Strenuous exercise is associated with increased odds of sexual risk for boys. Sports and race interact to influence boys' sexual risk outcomes: Athletic participation is associated with lowered odds of sexual risk for white male adolescents, but heightened odds of sexual risk for black male adolescents.     

Family influences on adolescent sexual and contraceptive behavior

Studies of adolescent pregnancy risk are relevant to understanding responsible adolescent sexual behavior because most investigators have focused on the key proximal determinants of pregnancy--sexual intercourse and contraceptive use--rather than analyzing pregnancy status per se. Lesser pregnancy risk is associated with teens remaining sexually abstinent, postponing onset of intercourse, and having intercourse less often or with fewer partners, as well as by using contraception at first or most recent intercourse and by using contraception consistently over time. Living with a single parent, in a lower SES family, having older sexually active siblings or pregnant/parenting teenage sisters, being a victim of sexual abuse, and residing in disorganized/dangerous neighborhoods all place teens at elevated risk of adolescent pregnancy. Parent-child closeness or connectedness, and parental supervision or regulation of children, in combination with parents values against teen intercourse (or unprotected intercourse), decrease the risk of adolescent pregnancy. Studies about parent-child sexual communication and adolescent pregnancy risk are less conclusive, largely because of methodological complexities.     

Guns and gun threats at college

A random sample of more than 10,000 undergraduate students, selected from 119 4-year colleges, answered a mailed questionnaire about gun possession and gun threats. Approximately 4.3% of the students reported that they had a working firearm at college, and 1.6% of them have been threatened with a gun while at school. Students are more likely to have a firearm at college and to be threatened with a gun while at college if they are male, live off campus, binge drink, engage in risky and aggressive behavior after drinking, and attend institutions in regions of the United States where household firearm prevalence is high. Having a firearm for protection is also strongly associated with being threatened with a gun while at college. Students who reported having firearms at college disproportionately reported that they engaged in behaviors that put themselves and others at risk for injury.     

论法国大革命的成就、局限及其原因

法国大革命的丰富历史内涵不能用"资产阶级民主革命"这一简单论断来概括。对平等的关注和对自由的忽略是这场革命的显著特征,法国革命的功绩和流弊都可以从这里找到源头。导致这一特征的原因在于法国当时特定的社会经济条件:旧制度的极端不平等性引发了对平等的矫枉过正式的关注;贯穿始终的民众主导性加深了革命对平等的偏好。     

从邓小平到江泽民：科教兴国战略的理论创新

从"科学技术是第一生产力"到"先进生产力的集中表现和主要标志";从"知识分子是工人阶级的一部分"到"推动我国先进生产力和社会全面进步的根本力量";从现代化的"关键是科学技术"到"坚持社会科学和自然科学并重";从"向世界先进国家学习"到"创新是一个民族的灵魂",中国共产党的两代领导核心对科教兴国战略进行了与时俱进的理论创新。     

“电子技术”整合教学模式研究

本文针对电子技术课程的教学特点和传统教学模式中存在的问题,阐述了整合教学模式的思想来源和内涵,以及整合教学模式下“电子技术”课程构建的基本方式和原则。明确提出了以现代信息技术为基础,构建“电子技术”整合教学模式的最终目的,是培养具有主动探知能力、协同合作能力和自主学习能力的综合型高素质人才。     

PRN medication use in inpatient psychiatry

1. Administration of p.r.n. medications occurs frequently for staff nurses in inpatient psychiatry. 2. The appropriate use of p.r.n. medications is not well addressed in nursing textbooks or hospital policies and procedures. 3. Thorough assessment of patients is an essential step in the safe administration of p.r.n. medications. 4. Concise, accurate clinical evaluations may be the most successful way to determine the best dose of medication for each patient.