Bet Anywhere,Anytime: An Analysis of Internet Sports Bettors’ Responses to Gambling Promotions During Sports Broadcasts by Problem Gambling Severity

Promotions for online sports betting during televised sports broadcasts are regularly viewed by millions of Australians, raising concerns about their impacts on vulnerable groups including at-risk and problem gamblers. This study examined whether responses to these promotions varied with problem gambling severity amongst 455 Australian Internet sports bettors participating in an online survey. Results indicated that young male Internet sports bettors are especially vulnerable to gambling problems, particularly if they hold positive attitudes to gambling sponsors who embed promotions into sports broadcasts and to the promotional techniques they use and this heightens the risk that alluring messages contribute to excessive gambling. As problem gambling severity increased, so too did recognition that these promotions have impacted negatively on their sports betting behaviour. Because a plethora of sports betting brands and promotions are now heavily integrated into sports coverage, social marketing efforts are needed to offset their persuasive appeal and counter the positive attitudes towards them that appear linked to excessive gambling amongst Internet sports bettors.     

Modeling U‐Shaped Exposure‐Response Relationships for Agents that Demonstrate Toxicity Due to Both Excess and Deficiency

Essential elements such as copper and manganese may demonstrate U‐shaped exposure‐response relationships due to toxic responses occurring as a result of both excess and deficiency. Previous work on a copper toxicity database employed CatReg, a software program for categorical regression developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, to model copper excess and deficiency exposure‐response relationships separately. This analysis involved the use of a severity scoring system to place diverse toxic responses on a common severity scale, thereby allowing their inclusion in the same CatReg model. In this article, we present methods for simultaneously fitting excess and deficiency data in the form of a single U‐shaped exposure‐response curve, the minimum of which occurs at the exposure level that minimizes the probability of an adverse outcome due to either excess or deficiency (or both). We also present a closed‐form expression for the point at which the exposure‐response curves for excess and deficiency cross, corresponding to the exposure level at which the risk of an adverse outcome due to excess is equal to that for deficiency. The application of these methods is illustrated using the same copper toxicity database noted above. The use of these methods permits the analysis of all available exposure‐response data from multiple studies expressing multiple endpoints due to both excess and deficiency. The exposure level corresponding to the minimum of this U‐shaped curve, and the confidence limits around this exposure level, may be useful in establishing an acceptable range of exposures that minimize the overall risk associated with the agent of interest.     

The Promise and Perils of Population Research on Same-Sex Families

As a follow-up to our 2016 study, this article presents new findings examining the relationship between same-sex family structure and child health using the 2008–2015 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). After discussing NIHS data problems, we examine the relationship between family structure and a broad range of child well-being outcomes, including school days lost, behavior, parent-rated health, emotional difficulties, and activity limitations. We find both similarities (school days lost, behavior, parent-rated health) and differences (emotional difficulties and activity limitations) across our two studies using different survey years, but our overall conclusions are robust. We further discuss the implications of our findings for future research on this topic, including how to account for biological relatedness in a study on child health in same-sex families.     

Are there interregional differences in the response of cigarette smoking to state cigarette excise taxes in the USA? Exploratory analysis

Within the context of the period fixed-effects model, this study uses a 2002–2009 state-level panel data set of the USA to investigate the relative impact of state cigarette excise taxation across the nation in reducing cigarette smoking. In particular, by focusing upon the state cigarette excise taxation levels within each of the nine US Census Divisions, this study investigates whether there are inter-regional differences in the rate of responsiveness of cigarette consumption to increased state cigarette taxes. The initial empirical estimates reveal that although the per capita number of packs of cigarettes smoked annually is a decreasing function of the state cigarette excise tax in all nine Census Regions, the relative response of cigarette smoking to state cigarette tax increases varies considerably from one region to the next. Reinforcing this conclusion, in one specification of the model, the number of packs of cigarettes smoked in response to a higher state cigarette tax is statistically significant and negative in only eight of the nine Census Divisions. Furthermore, when cigarette smoking is measured in terms of the percentage of the population classified as smokers, interregional differentials in the response of smokers to higher state cigarette taxes are much greater. Thus, there is evidence that cigarette excise taxation exercises rather different impacts on the propensity to smoke across Census Regions.     

Overt and Relational Aggression Participant Role Behavior: Measurement and Relations With Sociometric Status and Depression

This study is the first to measure participant role behavior across overt and relational forms of aggression. The Overt and Relational Aggression Participant Role Behavior Scales were designed to measure aggression, assisting, reinforcing, defending, victimization, and outsider behavior during acts of peer aggression in an ethnically diverse sample of 609 adolescents (M age = 12 years). The data fit the hypothesized 12‐factor model, and measurement invariance was established across gender. Relational victimization, but not overt victimization, was positively associated with all other relational aggression roles. Each participant role subscale was positively associated with depressive symptoms with the exception of the overt and relational outsider subscales. Future research and intervention efforts should consider overt and relational aggression participant roles, separately.     

En defensa de una aproximación a los conceptos emocionales desde la perspectiva de los prototipos

Resumen

El concepto de emoción emocionado forma parte del vocabulario afectivo del español. Es el participio pasivo del concepto emoción y es muy frecuente en el discurso cotidiano. El presente artículo introduce el concepto emocionado a través de un análisis cualitativo de sus características más importantes, obtenidas a partir de una muestra de hablantes españoles. Los hallazgos demuestran que emocionado designa un estado afectivo con características propias, es decir, los nativos españoles establecen una clara distinción entre estar emocionado y sentir emociones como alegría. Asimismo es juzgado principalmente como un concepto que describe un estado emocional indefinido o inespecífico. Por último, sugerimos que emocionado podría representar un estilo de designación afectivo característico del sur-occidental de Europa.