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21.
Moshe Zeidner 《Evaluation and program planning》1985,8(4):367-376
The major aim of this study was to test the commonly held assumption, within the Israeli educational context, that the relatively poor mean performance of disadvantaged students on conventional ability tests is due, in part, to extraneous situational factors, systematically disadvantageous to their test performance. To that end, two controlled field experiments were conducted on independent samples of N = 288 and N = 48 elementary school pupils, respectively. The first experiment centered on the interaction between sociocultural group characteristics and each of two situational factors, namely, test atmosphere and examiner status, in affecting ability test performance. The second experiment explored the effects of test atmosphere per se on the nonverbal ability test scores of disadvantaged pupils. On the whole, this research provides evidence inconsistent with the situational bias hypothesis and does not support the assumption that disadvantaged children's ability test scores can be substantially improved by manipulating test atmosphere conditions. In view of the evidence showing that situational variables do not significantly bias testing results in favor of one group over another, it follows that current educational evaluation policies in Israel, relying heavily on the standardized ability tests results of disadvantaged groups, need not be changed. 相似文献
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A galling aphid with extra life-cycle complexity: Population ecology and evolutionary considerations 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Summary In most gall-forming aphids, only the fundatrix is able to induce a gall on the host plant. InSmynthurodes betae Westw. (and a few other species), F2 descendants emerge from the mother gall and induce their own, morphologically different galls. This constitutes an added
complexity to the already very complex life cycle of gall-forming aphids.
We investigated the ecology ofS. betae on marked trees and shoots at four sites in Israel. Gall initiation, gall distribution and density, and temporal changes
in clone size within the galls were investigated during two consecutive years. We discuss the possibility that the two-gall
life cycle evolved from the typical one-gall system of most gall aphids, and the possible selective advantage of this added
complexity in the life-history strategy of gall aphids. Although the total reproductive output ofS. betae is not higher than in related species with a single gall per life cycle, there seems to be an advantage in the subdivision
of each aphid clone into several galls, thus reducing the risk of the accidental extinction of the clone (genotype) by environmental
factors, including parasites and predators. 相似文献
24.
Many stochastic processes considered in applied probability models, and, in particular, in reliability theory, are processes of the following form: Shocks occur according to some point process, and each shock causes the process to have a random jump. Between shocks the process increases or decreases in some deterministic fashion. In this paper we study processes for which the rate of increase or decrease between shocks depends only on the height of the process. For such processes we find conditions under which the processes can be stochastically compared. We also study hybrid processes in which periods of increase and periods of decrease alternate. A further result yields a stochastic comparison of processes that start with a random jump, rather than processes in which there is at the beginning some random delay time before the first jump.Supported by NSF Grant DMS 9303891. 相似文献
25.
This study evaluates the effects of student participation in two different educational programs/settings for the gifted, i.e., full time homogeneous classes vs mixed ability classes (with a part-time extension program), on a variety of affective outcome. Data on academic self-concept, test anxiety, achievement motivation, perceptions of giftedness, school attitudes, and satisfaction with school were gathered on a sample of 1020 Israeli gifted elementary school children in grades 4–6. Analyses of the data pointed to a less positive personal-social profile in students partaking in special full-time homogeneous classes, compared to their mainstreamed counterparts, as evidenced by lower evaluative anxiety, higher academic self-concept, and more positive labeling in the former setting. However, compared to their mainstreamed counterparts in mixed ability classes, students in special homogeneous classes for the gifted held more favorable attitudes towards various facets of the school/classroom environment (school atmosphere, level of instruction, teacher-student relations, teacher characteristics) and were also more satisfied with school in general when compared to their gifted counterparts partaking in mixed ability classes. The tradeoff between a more positive perception of the school environment and less effective personal-social adjustment for students in special gifted classes should be given due consideration by program planners and evaluators in any cost-benefit analysis of educational programs for gifted students. 相似文献
26.
We consider production and service systems that consist of parallel lines of two types: (i) M/M/1 lines and (ii) lines that have no buffers (loss systems). Each line is assumed to be controlled by a dedicated supervisor. The management measures the effectiveness of the supervisors by the long run expected cost of their line. Unbalanced lines cause congestion and bottlenecks, large variation in output, unnecessary wastes and, ultimately, high operating costs. Thus, the supervisors are expected to join forces and reduce the cost of the whole system by applying line‐balancing techniques, possibly combined with either strategic outsourcing or capacity reduction practices. By solving appropriate mathematical programming formulations, the policy that minimizes the long run expected cost of each of the parallel‐lines system, is identified. The next question to be asked is how to allocate the new total cost of each system among the lines' supervisors so that the cooperation's stability is preserved. For that sake, we associate a cooperative game to each system and we investigate its core. We show that the cooperative games are reducible to market games and therefore they are totally balanced, that is, their core and the core of their subgames are non‐empty. For each game a core cost allocation based on competitive equilibrium prices is identified. 相似文献
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28.
The major purpose of the research is to examine gender differences in patterns of labor market activity, economic behavior and economic outcomes among labor migrants. While focusing on Filipina and Filipino overseas workers, the article addresses the following questions: whether and to what extent earnings and remittances of overseas workers differ by gender; and whether and to what extent the gender of overseas workers differentially affects household income in the Philippines. Data for the analysis were obtained from the Survey of Households and Children of Overseas Workers (a representative sample of households drawn in 1999–2000 from four major “labor sending” areas in the Philippines). The analysis focuses on 1,128 households with overseas workers. The findings reveal that men and women are likely to take different jobs and to migrate to different destinations. The analysis also reveals that many more women were unemployed prior to migration and that the earnings of women are, on average, lower than those of men, even after controlling for variations in occupational distributions, country of destination, and sociodemographic attributes. Contrary to popular belief, men send more money back home than do women, even when taking into consideration earnings differentials between the genders. Further analysis demonstrates that income of households with men working overseas is significantly higher than income of households with women working overseas and that this difference can be fully attributed to the earnings disparities and to differences in amount of remittances sent home by overseas workers. The results suggest that gender inequal‐ 相似文献
29.
Donald W. K. Andrews Moshe Buchinsky 《Econometrica : journal of the Econometric Society》2000,68(1):23-51
This paper considers the problem of choosing the number of bootstrap repetitions B for bootstrap standard errors, confidence intervals, confidence regions, hypothesis tests, p‐values, and bias correction. For each of these problems, the paper provides a three‐step method for choosing B to achieve a desired level of accuracy. Accuracy is measured by the percentage deviation of the bootstrap standard error estimate, confidence interval length, test's critical value, test's p‐value, or bias‐corrected estimate based on B bootstrap simulations from the corresponding ideal bootstrap quantities for which B=∞. The results apply quite generally to parametric, semiparametric, and nonparametric models with independent and dependent data. The results apply to the standard nonparametric iid bootstrap, moving block bootstraps for time series data, parametric and semiparametric bootstraps, and bootstraps for regression models based on bootstrapping residuals. Monte Carlo simulations show that the proposed methods work very well. 相似文献
30.
The three main findings of studies conducted by Hoyt, Rosenbaum, and myself during the years 1986–1990 at the Kaiser Permanente Medical Group, were
- 1 . Single session is the most common length of psychotherapy.
- 2 . The first session in psychotherapy is potentially the most therapeutic and often has the greatest influence on the outcome of therapy.
- 3 . Single session therapy (SST) is the most cost‐effective mode of therapy.