Pseudo latent models: Goodness of fit measures, residuals, estimation, testing, and simulation

Binary response models consider pseudo-R ² measures which are not based on residuals while several concepts of residuals were developed for tests. In this paper the endogenous variable of the latent model corresponding to the binary observable model is substituted by a pseudo variable. Then goodness of fit measures and tests can be based on a joint concept of residuals as for linear models. Different kinds of residuals based on probit ML estimates are employed. The analytical investigations and the simulation results lead to the recommendation to use standardized residuals where there is no difference between observed and generalized residuals. In none of the investigated situations this estimator is far away from the best result. While in large samples all considered estimators are very similar, small sample properties speak in favour of residuals which are modifications of those suggested in the literature. An empirical application demonstrates that it is not necessary to develop new testing procedures for the observable models with dichotomous regressands. Well-know approaches for linear models with continuous endogenous variables which are implemented in usual econometric packages can be used for pseudo latent models. An erratum to this article is available at .     

Randomization. pro and contra 1

We discuss a stochastic urn model in which there are two urns A and B. B is originally empty and A contains some fixed number of white and black balls. A player selects integers n>O and b>O. Balls are drawn with replacement in A and balls of the same color are put in B as long as the number of white balls in B exceeds (b-1) times the number of black balls in B. Under this condition, the player stops after drawing n+bx balls and is declared to be a winnear if urn B has x black balls. This number of black balls, x, is shown to have the generalized negative binomial distribution     

On the gain in power when using additional observations

In the present paper the question in which cases additional observations are useless for testing two simple hypotheses is considered. It turns out that in all but trivial cases two additional observations strictly decrease the risk, while for one additional observation a characterization of this problem is given.     

SPORTS FAN BINGE DRINKING: AN EXAMINATION USING LOW SELF-CONTROL AND PEER ASSOCIATION

Research has shown a connection between being a college sports fan and binge drinking; however, no research uses criminological theories when examining this connection. The purpose of the present study is to examine the ability of self-control and differential association theories to determine whether the relationship between college sports fans and binge drinking is individual or group situated. Using self-report data from (n = 693) college students from four southern universities, the results show that the connection between being a college sports fan and binge drinking can be accounted for by both low self-control and differential association. These results are discussed and policy implications are presented.     

The cross-national pattern of happiness: Test of predictions implied in three theories of happiness

Predictions about level and dispersion of happiness in nations are derived from three theories of happiness: comparison-theory, folklore-theory and livability-theory. The predictions are tested on two cross national data-sets: a comparative survey among university students in 38 nations in 1985 and a collection of comparable general population surveys in 28 nations around 1980. Most predictions of comparison-theory and folklore-theory are defied by the data. The predictions of livability-theory are all confirmed.     

Dealing with Ethical Dilemmas in Organizational Change Processes

Several theories exist on how managers think aboutethical responsibilities in a business environment.Some stress the economic way of thinking and explainwhy there is no space for moral reasoning in abusiness environment. Others claim that in a businessenvironment also moral considerations can play animportant role. In this article, we will explore theway managers have actually dealt with potentialdilemmas in organizational change processes,especially changes with drastic consequences foremployees. Do managers consider moral arguments? Dothey feel a moral responsibility towards theiremployees? And in what way do they include a moralresponsibility in the decision process and itsoutcomes? These questions were investigated throughcase studies in two organisations and interviews withsix managers in other companies. The framework whichis used in the research will be described and the mainresults of the field-research will be presented. Wedid find that managers actually strived to some extentfor fair and morally responsible solutions in dilemmasituations, but in another way then we expectedbeforehand. Managers did not base their acting onmoral arguments. Instead they used a more pragmaticapproach wherein acting in a morally responsible wayis based on strategic arguments, such as the positiveeffects for the organisation in the long run.     

Entlassungen: Gerechtigkeitsempfinden und Folgewirkungen.

Zusammenfassung:  Entlassungen sind zu einer allt?glichen Erfahrung vieler Menschen geworden. In diesem Beitrag wird die Frage untersucht: Unter welchen Bedingungen werden Entlassungen als gerecht wahrgenommen und inwieweit rufen sie innerbetriebliche Widerst?nde hervor? Die Untersuchung stützt sich auf eine Befragung von mehr als 3 000 Personen im Alter zwischen 20 und 60 Jahren in Ost- und Westdeutschland. Die Ergebnisse zeigen: Entlassungen werden nicht als selbstverst?ndlich akzeptiert. Darauf weisen die Bewertungen hypothetischer Szenarien und eigener Erfahrungen hin. Durch die Prozessgestaltung kann jedoch die Wahrnehmung der Ma?nahmen positiv oder negativ beeinflusst werden.

Dismissal of a Sociologist: The AAUP Report on Carl C. Taylor1

ABSTRACT The dismissal in 1931 of a distinguished sociologist, Carl C. Taylor, after 11 years as an influential faculty member, and the investigation by the American Association of University Professors which followed has received little attention in the literature on the history of sociology. Taylor did not have the security of a tenure system. Years later, he received an honorary degree from the same institution, now North Carolina State University, from which he had been dismissed. This paper makes accessible the AAUP's full report on the Taylor case and highlights his career and contributions. The AAUP report summarizes alternative explanations for the dismissal, concluding that the compelling cause was not the budgetary pressures cited by the president of the university. Our interpretation is that the university president had Taylor dismissed because of deterioration in their interpersonal relations and the cumulative effect of anti-liberal, conservative forces in the state at the time.     

Elterliche Arbeitslosigkeitsdynamiken und Bildungsverläufe vom Ende der Grundschulzeit bis zum jungen Erwachsenenalter

In the present study, we examine the influence of parental unemployment on the educational outcomes of children in Germany. We consider the educational pathways from the transition to secondary school until early adulthood at age 23. In particular, we focus on the question whether children of unemployed parents are less likely to enroll in tertiary education. In addition, we look at enrolment into educational tracks at the beginning and the end of secondary school. We use data from the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). We address the problem of social selectivity into unemployment by means of a comprehensive control variable approach within the framework of random effects-models. In addition, we estimate fixed effects-models using siblings’ information. As a result, it is evident that a significant influence of unemployment on educational outcomes can be observed both with comprehensive control of status characteristics as well as in sibling models. However, this does not apply to all educational outcomes and not to all forms of unemployment.