Adaptive testing in arch models

Specification tests for conditional heteroskedasticity that are derived under the assumption that the density of the innovation is Gaussian may not be powerful in light of the recent empirical results that the density is not Gaussian. We obtain specification tests for conditional heteroskedasticity under the assumption that the innovation density is a member of a general family of densities. Our test statistics maximize asymptotic local power and weighted average power criteria for the general family of densities. We establish both first-order and second-order theory for our procedures. Simulations indicate that asymptotic power gains are achievable in finite samples.     

Net migration and migration effectiveness: A comparison between Australia and the United Kingdom, 1976–96 Part 1: Total migration patterns

A nation’s population is redistributed through migration flows and counterflows between its constituent subnational areas, resulting in a geographical pattern of net migration gains or losses which may change from one time period to another. Migration effectiveness is the indicator commonly used to measure net migration as a proportion of gross migration turnover for any territorial unit. This paper explores the effect of net migration in two different countries, Australia and the United Kingdom, using measures of migration effectiveness computed from period-age migration data sets for a system of city regions assembled for four consecutive five-year periods in each country. While the evidence suggests that the overall effectiveness of net migration has declined over the 20-year period in both countries, marked similarities and contrasts are apparent in the spatial patterning of migration that together provide useful analytical insights into the changing space economies of the two countries.     

Transition into Retirement Affects Life Satisfaction: Short- and Long-Term Development Depends on Last Labor Market Status and Education

The effect of retirement on life satisfaction is a research topic that received a lot of attention, yet provided heterogeneous results. The current study suggests a remedy for this situation by taking two predictors of diversity (i.e. education and last labor market status) into account. We assumed that changes in social status and changes in resources influence retirement adjustment. The social status change affects retirees in the short-term, whereas individuals’ resources indicated by education predict long-term adjustment. To disentangle these processes, we contrasted exits from full-time employment and transitions from unemployment. We used data from the German Socio-Economic Panel to estimate a multi-group, multi-episodes dual change score model. The development of life satisfaction is lastingly interrupted by retirement. A short-term increase in life satisfaction was found for both transition groups but was more pronounced for those being previously unemployed. Life satisfaction develops in the long-term education-specific: retirees who have more education show almost constant life satisfaction whereas those retirees who have less education experience a decline. The results indicate that retirement entails a major change in the way people live. Adjustment to this can be characterized by two processes: A status change enfolds in the short-term. A building of new daily routines using individuals’ resources develops in the long-term. Both processes can be interpreted in terms of cumulative inequality: last labor market status differences decrease in the short-term but remain. Educational differences increase after retirement.     

Jealousy in 6‐Month‐Old Infants

Thirty‐two 6‐month‐old infants were exposed to their mothers attending, in turn, to a lifelike baby doll and a book. Infant negativity was greater when maternal attention was directed toward the social object, suggesting the presence of an early form of jealousy by 6 months of age.     

A study of the utility of the child behavior checklist with residentially placed children

An evaluation study was conducted to determine the potential usefulness of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) with children placed in residential settings. The CBCL, the Global Assessment Scale, the Progress Evaluation Scales, and the Jesness Behavior Checklist were completed for 97 children in community residential treatment. Children categorized by the CBCL as Externalizers were found to be more obtrusive, hostile, alienated, nonconforming, attention seeking, and sensitive, and less responsible, insightful, and considerate than were Internalizers. The total problem score, the Internalizing scale score, and the Externalizing scale score on the CBCL were significantly correlated with problem severity, predicted length of stay, and a measure of placement appropriateness. These three total scores proved to be useful measures of residentially placed children. Results suggest that a high score on the Externalizing scale may reflect the presence of behaviors difficult to deal with in a residential environment. A high score on the Internalizing scale may be no less serious, but involves behaviors less disruptive of the group setting. The potential value of the CBCL for evaluating residentially placed children is discussed.