A historical approach to ethnic stratification: the case of the Chinese in Canada, 1858–1930*

Bien que les modèles d'acquisition de situation aient apporté des contributions importantes en mettant en question l'approche culturelle par rapport à la stratification ethnique, une large partie des inégalités ethniques reste inexpliquée. Une part de cette lacune peut être comblée par l'examen du processus historique produisant des conditions de marché restreignant la participation d'un groupe ethnique sur le marché du travail. Ce travail retrace l'expérience des Chinois au Canada entre 1858 et 1930, et entend montrer que les choix de professions de la part des Chinois étaient en grande partie limités par les conditions du marché tels que la demande de main-d'oeuvre à bon marché, et le développement d'un racisme institutionnel. L'apparition d'un marché du travail séparé ainsi que d'une force de travail chinoise occasionnelle peuvent être envisagées comme une conséquence du racisme institutionnel, alors que l'expansion des affaires ethniques constitue une réponse à un environnement hostile. Le cas des Chinois illustre l'efficacité des approches historiques dans le cadre de la stratification ethnique. While status attainment models have made important contributions in challenging the cultural approach to ethnic stratification, a substantial portion of ethnic inequality remains unexplained. Part of this gap may be filled by examining the historical process that produces those market conditions which restrict the participation of an ethnic group in the labour market. This paper traces the experience of the Chinese in Canada between 1858 and 1930, and argues that the occupational choices of Chinese were largely constrained by market conditions, such as the demand for cheap labour and the development of institutional racism. The emergence of a split labour market and a casual Chinese labour force may be viewed as consequences of institutional racism, while the rise of ethnic business, a response to a hostile environment. The case of the Chinese illustrates the efficacy of historical approaches in ethnic stratification.     

Use of pre-school daycare and education 1979–86

SUMMARY. Using General Household Survey data, this paper considers attendance by children under five at public and private services providing non-parental daycare and education in 1986 and compares it with 1979. Attendance of children under five rose from 32 per cent in 1979 to 42 per cent in 1986. The services included are primary schools, nursery schools and classes, playgroups, day nurseries and child minders. Playgroups are most used for two and three year olds and schools for four year olds with the majority of children attending on apart time basis. Children from higher social class backgrounds are more likely to receive care and/or education with 50 per cent of such children using pre-school services, as compared to 3 7 per cent of children with fathers in manual occupations     

Psychological and cultural foundations of prejudice: The case of anti-Semitism in Quebec

Cette communication documente l'existence de niveaux d'antisémitisme et d'ethnocentrisme systématiquement plus élevés au Québec qu'ailleurs au Canada, puis examine les facteurs socioculturels, psychologiques et politiques qui sous-tendent ce phénomène. L'analyse des données de l'Enquěte sur la Charte des droits et libertés révèle que les facteurs socioculturels jouent le rǒle prépondérant. Plus particulièrement, la plus forte propension des Québécois à voir les Juifs d'un oeil défavorable est en grande partie attribuable à une plus grande valorisation de la conformité dans la culture québécoise. Ainsi, les Québécois diffèrent des autres canadiens non pas tant parce qu'ils souscrivent à tout l'éventail des préjugés antisémites, mais parce qu'ils acceptent les caractérisations négatives des Juifs sans se poser des questions. D'après les auteurs, l'antisémitisme au Québec ne s'explique ni par le nationalisme politique ni par des traits de personalité. La communication traite également de diverses questions concernant la méthodologie à employer pour mesurer l'antisémitisme. Documenting consistently higher levels of anti-Semitism and ethnocentrism in Quebec than elsewhere in Canada, this article investigates the sources of this prejudice in socio-cultural, psychological and political factors. Analysis of survey data from the Charter of Rights Study show that socio-cultural factors are most important. In particular, the greater readiness of Quebeckers to look unfavourably on Jews is largely a consequence of the high value placed upon conformity in Quebec culture. Quebeckers therefore differ from other Canadians not primarily in a willingness to subscribe to a full syndrome of anti-Semitic sentiments, but in casually accepting negative characterizations of Jews. Anti-Semitism in Quebec is found not to be related to nationalist political sentiments, nor is it substantially personality-driven. A variety of methodological issues pertaining to the measurement of anti-Semitism are also discussed.     

ANALYZING RENT CONTROL: THE CASE OF LOS ANGELES

An accurate assessment of the economic effects of a rent control law requires that both the specific provisions of the ordinance and the characteristics of the local housing market be considered. Examining the case of Los Angeles we conclude: First, most of the transfers from landlords to tenants were realized early in the law's life, while most of the economic cost of rent control was incurred later. Second, ordinance provisions aimed at increasing landlords' incentives to maintain rent-controlled dwellings also markedly reduce the size of the transfers to tenants. These results, we think, will apply to other jurisdictions.     

An Interview: Constructing Reality

Summary This paper is concerned with the relevance of interactionistperspectives in sociology to social work practice. Crucial tothese perspectives are the ‘meanings’ that peoplegive to situations and the ways they interpret actions. Basically,they are grounded on the assumption that there is no such thingas a single social reality. There are many different constructionswhich depend on the identities of the different people involvedand on the context in which they occur. The paper is based ontape recorded excerpts from an interview between a client, MrsSmith, and a social worker, from a discussion about some aspectsof that interview between the social worker and the writer,and from a discussion about the case between the team leaderand the writer. This material suggests different interpretationsof the situation, information gained in the discussion withthe social worker providing new ideas about the original interview.The views of the different people involved indicate that itis helpful to take into account the organizational context ofthe interviews. It is also suggested that conceiving of interviewsas ways of constructing reality has implications for the studyof social work practice.     

Case Management and Care Management in Community Care

Correspondence to Prof. Peter Huxley, Mental Health Social Work Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Mathematics Building, Oxford Road, Manchester University M13 9PL. Summary This paper reviews the purpose of case management, its introductioninto the UK, and its central components. While case managementhas empirical referents which have been developed over manyyears (largely in the USA) care management has, until recently,had none. The paper examines different models of case managementin terms of organizational structure, content, and outcome assessment.The importance of the distinction between clinical and administrativecase management is emphasized, especially in work with mentallyill persons. The review of existing evidence suggests that inorder to produce effective intervention services must have clearlyidentified objectives, closely specified target groups, interventionswhich match the objectives, and employ related outcome measurements.Some of the current issues in the implementation of care managementare considered.