From symptom recognition to services: how South Asian Muslim immigrant families navigate autism

This study examined the experiences of three South Asian Muslim immigrant families who have a young child with autism. It describes the early period of their child’s disability as the families encountered four critical issues in their lives: a complex disability, the culturally diverse conceptualizations of the disability, family‐professional dynamics in cross‐cultural encounters and the search for appropriate services. Analyses were based on interviews with parents, supplemented by 17 months of participant‐observation in homes and community. Parents narrated their experiences beginning with symptom recognition through help seeking, diagnosis and subsequent service provision. Results suggest that for these families the challenging process of diagnosing and ameliorating autism is complicated by their unique positioning within and between diverse meaning systems. Challenges include American health and education professionals’ misunderstandings of their family organization and linguistic practices, and difficulties in cross‐cultural communication with professionals. Implications for professionals are discussed.     

Explaining Condom Use Disparity Among Black and Hispanic Female Adolescents

The study examined condom use among 204 Black and Hispanic female adolescents who attended family planning clinics. Partner attitude, partner communication, parental communication and social support measures were used in a multinomial logistic regression model to predict condom use at last intercourse. The results indicated that adolescents who perceived that their partners had a positive attitude toward condom use were 1.37 times more likely to report condom use compared to those whose partners did not have a positive attitude. Additionally, adolescents who reported communicating with partners about condoms were .37 times more likely to use condoms compared to those who did not communicate with their partners. These findings suggest that increasing condom use among female adolescents will require addressing primarily partner factors. Male partners must also be included in interventions to increase condom use.     

La spécificité émotionnelle des métiers de soins

Historiquement, les questions de genre sont au c?ur des métiers de soins. Généralement, les soins sont associés aux tâches que, de tous temps, les femmes prenaient en charge ou se voyaient imposer. C'est précisément pour cette raison que Tronto (Moral boundaries. A political argument for an ethic of care, 1993) affirme que les travaux de soins ont été historiquement conçus de telle manière qu'ils se retrouvent exclus du domaine du ‘vrai’ travail. Ils ne font pas partie du travail professionnel, qu'il soit industriel ou administratif. Cependant, on constate petit à petit une évolution en la matière. Depuis environ une décennie, les soins ont acquis une signification beaucoup plus large. On définit les travaux de soins comme un type de métier dans lequel la cognition, la compétence et l'émotion sont étroitement liées. La reconnaissance du caractère émotionnel des métiers de soins porte en elle un élément de base très important, tant pour le développement futur de ces métiers que pour l'élaboration d'une politique de ressources humaines ‘sur mesure’ pour les métiers de soins. Dans la deuxième partie de l'article, nous confrontons le discours qui a été développé dans le prolongement de cette idée à la pratique. Nous nous basons sur les résultats d'une enquête et d'une étude de cas auprès de la catégorie professionnelle des infirmiers et des soignants au sein des maisons de retraite et de soins en Flandre. Cette confrontation permet des conclusions quant à la spécificité des métiers de soins (qui restent pour l'instant principalement féminins).     

Parenting and Adolescents' Sexual Initiation

This study draws on social control and social learning theories to examine the role of dating‐specific attitudes and practices as predictors of adolescents' sexual initiation. We include attention to the adolescent's reaction to control attempts as a further means of assessing family dynamics (i.e., frequency of dating disagreements). The study uses longitudinal data from 697 adolescents who were not sexually active at the first interview as well as separate interviews with parents. In models that include all parenting variables, parental caring, parents' preferences that the child should delay sex, and the frequency of dating disagreements were significant predictors of initiation of teen sexual activity.     

Family abductions: An examination of the role of offender gender

Utilizing data from a national study of missing children, this article compares family abductions perpetrated by men and women. Comparisons focus on the incidence, outcomes, and institutional responses to the abductions. Also, the relationship between the abductor and child(ren), harm to the child(ren), the use of concealment, and the characteristics of abductors and children are examined. Women perpetrated approximately one third of the abductions in the study. Female perpetrated abductions were more likely to involve concealment of the child, and were of longer duration. The relationship between these patterns and patterns of custody and societal expectations regarding parental roles of men and women are discussed. Broader implications for the understanding of female criminality are also explored. Some of the data in this paper were presented at the annual meetings of the American Society of Criminology in Miami, Florida in November, 1994. Her research focuses on domestic violence, rape, and media images of crime. Her research interests are in the areas of the criminal victimization of children and adolescents, domestic violence, and corrections.     

Don't get bugged: practical strategies for managing bedbug infestation in psychiatric rehabilitation programs

Bedbug infestation has become a major problem in the United States. Infestations can be frightening and expensive and appear to be more prevalent in urban settings and low-income housing such as homeless shelters, public housing, and single-room occupancy apartments. This exposes consumers and staff of psychiatric rehabilitation agencies to higher risk of infestation. This brief report outlines practical suggestions for managing bedbug infestation in such agencies. Drawing on resources readily available on the Internet and the experience of Thresholds, a large provider of psychiatric rehabilitation services based in Chicago, this report describes strategies for responding to infestation. Providers need to assume that bedbug infestation is a significant risk and prepare accordingly. Assertive, persistent, and calm response is recommended.     

Effectiveness of Job Aids and Post Performance Review on Staff Implementation of Discrete Trial Instruction

Discrete-trial instruction (DTI) is a well-established instructional method for teaching children with autism. Accurate implementation of DTI procedures requires that staff be well trained. This study examined the effectiveness of job aids followed by post performance review of strengths, errors, and accuracy on discrete trial instructional accuracy in three participants who conducted DTI within their current job positions. Additionally, primary training procedures were embedded within a meta-shaping procedure, which involved the gradual and systematic introduction of three levels of behavioral components required for accurate implementation of the DTI sequence with mastery criteria set at 90% accuracy across all three levels. As demonstrated in a changing criterion within a multiple baseline design, staff demonstrated increases in DTI accuracy following the initiation of the job aid condition; however, some degree of performance-based feedback was required to establish high levels of procedural fidelity across the DTI sequence. Performance accuracy on maintenance probes remained at high levels. These findings provide support that job aids followed by performance-based feedback may be an effective and efficient method for shaping high levels of DTI procedural fidelity in staff. Additionally, gradual shaping of the DTI accuracy may scaffold performance, minimize errors, and increase social validity.     

Impact of a Group Prenatal Program for Pregnant Adolescents on Perceived Partner Support

This quasi-experimental study compared family formation and perceived partner support among pregnant adolescents in a prenatal care program. Participants were assigned to either an intervention group utilizing centering pregnancy (CP) prenatal care and case management, or to a comparison group receiving case management only. Partners were invited to participate in CP group sessions. This study included 173 predominantly minority pregnant adolescents ages 15–18 years who were enrolled in a prenatal program and followed one month postpartum. Family formation included living and relationship arrangements. Perceived partner support included six domains of perceived social provisions. Data were collected through participants’ self-reports using computer-assisted self-interviews. Changes in family formation and perceptions of partner support from baseline to postpartum did not differ between intervention and comparison groups. Male partners who attended at least one CP session were perceived as more supportive at both the beginning and end of the program than partners who did not attend any sessions. After combining groups, pregnant adolescents reported a significant shift in family formation and increased monetary support from partners from baseline to postpartum. Partner support is important for ensuring positive pregnancy outcomes. Additional strategies are needed to engage young fathers who do not readily provide support during pregnancy.     

Population growth trends in India: 1991 census

The decennial census counted the total population of India at 843.931 million as of the sunrise of March 1, 1991. The total is 160.6 million higher than that of a decade earlier in 1981. The actual census count exceeded by 45 million the official projections for 1991 based on the 1971 census. However, the official projections for the same year based on the 1981 census fell short by 7.6 million only. Most of the observed differences are explained by the slower decline in the fertility levels. The population growth ratepeaked during 1971–81, perhaps in 1972–73 (based on the Sample Registration Scheme data). The average annualexponential growth rate declined marginally to 2.11 per cent (4.5%) after having remained at a plateau for the previous two decades of 1961–71 and 1971–81. At this point in time, the fertility and mortality trends indicate that India will reach the replacement level fertility [Net Reproductive Rate of Unity] by the years 2010–2015. It can be said with a greater degree of certainty that the official target of reaching the replacement level fertility by the year 2000a.d. will not be reached. Based on the 1991 census results, it can be said that India will reach the billion mark by the turn of the century. The World Bank projects a population of 1,350 million by the year 2025a.d., and a stationary population of 1,862 million by the year 2150a.d., assuming that the replacement level fertility [Net Reproductive Rate = 1] in India is reached about the year 2015a.d.