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991.
The paper derives bounds on the distribution of the quadratic forms Z = y H ( X Γ X H )−1 y and W = y H (σ2 I + X Γ X H )−1 y , where the elements of the M × 1 vector y and the M × N matrix X are independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) complex zero mean Normal variables, Γ is some N × N diagonal matrix with positive diagonal elements, I , is the identity, σ2 is a constant and H denotes the Hermitian transpose. The bounds are convenient for numerical work and appear to be tight for small values of M . This work has applications in digital mobile radio for a specific channel where M antennas are used to receive a signal with N interferers. Some of these applications in radio communication systems are discussed. 相似文献
992.
This paper identifies partner selection criteria in a sample of UK international joint ventures with Western European, US and Japanese partners. Rankings of selection criteria are derived for the sample using a typology that distinguishes between task-related and partner-related selection criteria. The most important task-related criteria are found to be access to knowledge of local market, access to distribution channels, access to links with major buyers and access to knowledge of local culture. The most important partner-related selection criteria are trust between the top management teams, relatedness of partner's business and reputation. A parsimonious set of selection criteria for the sample is provided by means of factor analysis. Hypotheses are tested on the relationship between the relative importance of selection criteria and a number of characteristics of the sample—partner nationality, industry of the joint ventures, joint-venture purpose, geographical location of the venture, initial approach for joint-venture formation and relative partner size. The greatest variation in the relative importance of selection criteria occurs with the geographic location of the joint venture. 相似文献
993.
This paper presents results from an empirical investigation into the impact of foreign market servicing strategies on the competitiveness of UK manufacturing firms in five industry sectors. Competitiveness is defined by performance, competitive potential and management process. Although the choice of foreign market servicing mode is highly constrained, there is a range of choice available to firms, although this choice is often reactive rather than proactive. The impact of market servicing switches on competitiveness is often profound, although it is not always positive. Moreover, these effects may be in different directions on the three components of competitiveness. Attention to foreign market servicing policies is crucial for achieving international competitiveness. 相似文献
994.
Yes-No (Y-N) voting is a voting method for choosing a governing coalition in a parliament after the seating of its members. Each member can designate a party to be Y (it must be included in the governing coalition), N (it must be excluded from the governing coalition), or neither (it may be either in or out of the governing coalition). The majority coalition acceptable to the most voters, because it includes all parties that these voters designate Y and no parties that they designate N, is given the first opportunity to form a government. Possible combinations of majority coalitions that a member might vote for are derived, including ones based on consistent and interval voting strategies. Examples illustrate a number of different phenomena, such as when a rational voter might not be loyal to his or her party by designating it Y. 相似文献
995.
Separating marginal utility and probabilistic risk aversion 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Peter Wakker 《Theory and Decision》1994,36(1):1-44
This paper is motivated by the search for one cardinal utility for decisions under risk, welfare evaluations, and other contexts. This cardinal utility should have meaningprior to risk, with risk depending on cardinal utility, not the other way around. The rank-dependent utility model can reconcile such a view on utility with the position that risk attitude consists of more than marginal utility, by providing a separate risk component: a probabilistic risk attitude towards probability mixtures of lotteries, modeled through a transformation for cumulative probabilities. While this separation of risk attitude into two independent components is the characteristic feature of rank-dependent utility, it had not yet been axiomatized. Doing that is the purpose of this paper. Therefore, in the second part, the paper extends Yaari's axiomatization to nonlinear utility, and provides separate axiomatizations for increasing/decreasing marginal utility and for optimistic/pessimistic probability transformations. This is generalized to interpersonal comparability. It is also shown that two elementary and often-discussed properties — quasi-convexity (aversion) of preferences with respect to probability mixtures, and convexity (pessimism) of the probability transformation — are equivalent. 相似文献
996.
The rhetorical construction of efficiency: Restructuring and industrial democracy in Mondragón,Spain
Peter Leigh Taylor 《Sociological Forum》1994,9(3):459-489
This paper examines the tension between the struggle to survive in a competitive economy and efforts to create more democratic workplaces in the Basque worker cooperative complex in Mondragón, Spain. Data from archival research, participant observation, and interviews are used to outline the historical context of structural change and policy-making in the complex. Language used in internal policy discussions is analyzed to explore the way in which arguments about efficiency have shaped interpretations of structural change and these organizations' policy responses. It is argued that in these cooperatives, the concept of efficiency does not operate as a neutral, objective benchmark of organizational performance, but is socially and rhetorically constructed. The predominant approach to efficiency that is emerging in Mondragón aims to make the cooperatives more competitive, but also facilitates a gradual displacement of collectively established organizational objectives such as relative equality, job security, and favorable work conditions for ones that privilege institutional interests of profitability and stability. More importantly, it has helped usher in important changes in the policy-making process itself, limiting the range of legitimate participation and weakening broad-based control over the identification of appropriate objectives and means. The paper suggests that reframing an existing rhetorical strategy to highlight more clearly the link between efficiency and any given set of objectives would stimulate a broader discussion of policy issues and help balance more effectively the diverse interests at stake in Mondragón's restructuring.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 1992 annual meetings of the American Sociological Association in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 相似文献
997.
998.
Strategic Planning in Unstable Environments 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Peter Brews Author VitaeAuthor Vitae 《Long Range Planning》2007,40(1):64-83
999.
Efficiency wage theories arguethat firms induce their employees to work in a moredisciplined way by paying high wages. Two basicmechanisms have been pointed out in economics about how these wage premia motivate employees.The incentives-driven `shirking model' impliesthat employees who have a highly paid job workin a more disciplined way so as to avoid beingdismissed. The ``gift exchange' model is basedon the assumption that high wages change therelationship between employer and employee.Empirical evidence on the incentives approachis mixed and a thorough competitive testingagainst the gift exchange model was notpossible due to the fact that the latter wasnot worked out enough. However, there is a relational theory of efficiency wages which isworked out in detail in order to allow directcompetitive testing. This relationalsignaling approach, as it is called, is basedon framing effects and comes to specifichypotheses about the conditions under whichefficiency wages work. These hypothesescontrast sharply with predictions from theincentives approach. The paper presents anempirical test of the theories and shows thatthe data clearly reject the incentive-basedpredictions and confirm the relationalsignaling predictions. 相似文献
1000.
Researchers in the United States and Mexico have variously asserted that return migration from the United States to Mexico
increased substantially, remained unchanged, or declined slightly in response to the 2008–2009 U.S. recession and fall 2008
global financial crisis. The present study addresses this debate using microdata from 2005 through 2009 from a large-scale,
quarterly Mexican household survey, the National Survey of Occupation and Employment (ENOE), after first validating the ENOE
against return-migration estimates from a specialist demographic survey, the National Survey of Demographic Dynamics (ENADID).
Declines in annual return-migration flows of up to a third between 2007 and 2009 were seen among the predominantly labor-migrant
groups of male migrants and all 18- to 40-year-old migrants with less than a college education; and a decline in total return
migration was seen in the fourth quarter of 2008 (immediately after the triggering of the global financial crisis) compared
with the fourth quarter of 2007. 相似文献