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81.
Dynamic reasoning and time pressure: Transition from analytical operations to experiential responses
Based upon the Decision Field Theory (Busemeyer and Townsend 1993), we tested a model of dynamic reasoning to predict the
effect of time pressure on analytical and experiential processing during decision-making. Forty-six participants were required
to make investment decisions under four levels of time pressure. In each decision, participants were presented with experiential
cues which were either congruent or incongruent with the analytical information. The congruent/incongruent conditions allowed
us to examine how many decisions were based upon the experiential versus the analytical information, and to see if this was
affected by the varying degrees of time pressure. As expected, the overall accuracy was reduced with greater time pressure
and accuracy was higher when the experiential and analytical cues were congruent than when they were incongruent. Of great
interest was the data showing that under high time pressure participants used more experiential cues than at other time pressures.
We suggest that the dynamic reasoning paradigm has some future potential for predicting the effects of experiential biases
in general, and specifically under time pressure. 相似文献
82.
A number of studies have suggested breastfed infants have improved bonding and attachment or cognitive development outcomes.
However, mechanisms by which these differences might develop are poorly understood. We used maternal time use data to examine
whether exclusively breastfeeding mothers spend more time in close interactive behaviors with their infants than mothers who
have commenced or completed weaning. Mothers (188) participating in a time use survey recorded infant feeding activities for
24 h over a 7 day period using an electronic device. Tracking was conducted at 3, 6, and 9 months postpartum. Data was collected
for maternal activities including infant feeding and time spent in emotional care. The mothers of exclusively breastfed infants
aged 3–6 months fed them frequently and total time spent in breastfeeding averaged around 17 h a week. Maternal time spent
in emotional care was also substantial, and found to correlate positively with time spent breastfeeding. Exclusively breastfed
infants received greatest amounts of emotional care from their mother, and exclusively formula fed infants the least. Mixed
fed infants received more emotional care time than formula fed infants, but less than fully breastfed infants. These findings
may help explain the differential cognitive developmental outcomes reported in the medical literature for breastfed and non
breastfed infants. 相似文献
83.
This study highlights the changes that have occurred at postsecondary institutions after conversion from not-for-profit to for-profit control. Using Delta Cost Project Data and a pre-post study design with a control group of not-for-profit institutions that did not convert, comparisons are drawn. The findings suggest that institutions that convert experience greater enrollment growth, a decline in fulltime employment levels per full time equivalent (FTE) student, no change in average expenses per FTE student, a decrease in total revenue, a decrease in Pell Grants received, a decrease in tuition and fees revenue, and a decline in average subsidy per student post conversion. These findings are critical to the creation of informed policy decisions regarding institutional conversions. 相似文献
84.
This article takes a first look at the distribution of returns to education for people with disabilities, a particularly disadvantaged group whose labor market performances have not been well studied or documented. Using a nonparametric approach, we uncover significant heterogeneity in the returns to education for these workers, which is drastically masked by conventional parametric methods. Based on these estimates, we construct the Sharpe ratio of human capital investment (taking into account its substantial risk), and our results corroborate the claimed importance of human capital in improving these workers’ wages. Our stochastic dominance tests show that the returns to education for workers with disabilities, as a group, may have been affected more adversely in the most recent recession, relative to their non-disabled counterparts. 相似文献
85.
Svetlana E. Martynova Yuri Glebovich Dmitriev Marina M. Gajfullina Yulia A. Totskaya 《Social indicators research》2017,133(3):1151-1164
The study offers a development of the social technologies of “service” municipal administration. The consumers’ opinions should be taken into consideration when determining the nomenclature and standards of their provision, which include the quality parameters that the consumers consider important. In addition, “service” relations imply the assessment of consumer satisfaction with the services and the correction of services based on the results of the assessment. Since this interaction implies communication between the municipal administration body and service users, it is necessary to focus on communicative technologies that are capable of providing a full cycle of service development and improvement for young entrepreneurs. Communications should help determine the expectations associated with a service, raise awareness thereof, and involve young people in the decisions related to the provision of services. 相似文献
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88.
A Diamond-Stiglitz approach to the demand for self-protection 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The existing research concerning the relationship between risk aversion and prudence and the demand for self-protection assumes
that the loss variable follows a Bernoulli distribution, and that changes in the level of self-protection are mean preserving.
The analysis here replaces these two very strong conditions with ones which are more general. When doing this, the method
of analysis is also significantly modified. This modification includes representing a change in the level of self-protection
using the procedure developed by Diamond and Stiglitz (Journal of Economic Theory 8:337-360, 1974) for representing a change in risk. This alternate representation allows the existing findings to be generalized considerably,
and also simplifies the analysis. 相似文献
89.
Sheretta T. Butler-Barnes Stephanie Cook Seanna Leath Cleopatra Caldwell 《Race and social problems》2018,10(1):30-41
This study explored the extent to which private regard and religiosity beliefs serve as protective factors for school bonding among African American and Caribbean black adolescents who experience racial discrimination in school. Findings are drawn from a nationally representative sample of (n = 810) African American and (n = 360) Caribbean black adolescents (52% girls) aged 13–17 (Mage = 15, SD = 1.42) years. Results suggest that perceiving racial discrimination from teachers was associated with lower levels of school bonding for African American and Caribbean black adolescents. For African American adolescents, perceiving more racial discrimination from teachers and reporting lower private regard beliefs was associated with less school bonding. The findings for Caribbean black adolescents revealed that endorsing moderate levels of religiosity and perceiving higher rates of teacher discrimination was associated with less school bonding. The developmental significance and implications for future research are discussed. 相似文献
90.
In randomized clinical trials, the log rank test is often used to test the null hypothesis of the equality of treatment-specific survival distributions. In observational studies, however, the ordinary log rank test is no longer guaranteed to be valid. In such studies we must be cautious about potential confounders; that is, the covariates that affect both the treatment assignment and the survival distribution. In this paper, two cases were considered: the first is when it is believed that all the potential confounders are captured in the primary database, and the second case where a substudy is conducted to capture additional confounding covariates. We generalize the augmented inverse probability weighted complete case estimators for treatment-specific survival distribution proposed in Bai et al. (Biometrics 69:830–839, 2013) and develop the log rank type test in both cases. The consistency and double robustness of the proposed test statistics are shown in simulation studies. These statistics are then applied to the data from the observational study that motivated this research. 相似文献