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21.
Citizenship should be understood as a bundle of rights rather than as a legal expression of national membership. The citizenship status of immigrants is characterised by their human rights, their rights of external citizenship provided by sending countries, and their rights as resident aliens provided by receiving states. In this perspective naturalisation is only one amongst several options open to migrants to change and improve their legal position. The normative aspect of citizenship implies that general and basic rights should be distributed equally and universally within society. Raising the standard of alien rights, allowing for dual citizenship and conceiving of naturalisation as an individual option rather than as an obligation or as a discretionary decision of the receiving state would contribute to a more equal distribution of rights within societies of immigration. A model for explaining individual decision to naturalise is presented which is based on a combined analysis of interests and identities. The main factors that enter the model are rules applied by state authorities, social positions occupied by immigrants, the cost/benefit balance of rights in the transition to internal citizenship, and affiliations to different communities in the sending and the receiving state. The combination of rules, rights and social positions makes it possible to distinguish an objective value of internal citizenship for immigrants from transaction prices and subjective utilities. The main theoretical argument is that decisions can be influenced both by a perception of rational individual interests and by communal identities. 相似文献
22.
G?tz Uebe Norman Fickel Karsten Webel Rainer Schlittgen Joachim Merz 《Allgemeines Statistisches Archiv》2005,89(3):355-363
Literatur / Books
Buchbesprechungen / Book reviews 相似文献23.
This paper deals with facility location problems on graphs with positive and negative vertex weights. We consider two different
objective functions: In the first one (MWD) vertices with positive weight are assigned to the closest facility, whereas vertices
with negative weight are assigned to the farthest facility. In the second one (WMD) all the vertices are assigned to the nearest
facility. For the MWD model it is shown that there exists a finite set of points in the graph which contains the locations
of facilities in an optimal solution. Furthermore, algorithms for both models for the 2-median problem on a cycle are developed.
The algorithm for the MWD model runs in linear time, whereas the algorithm for the WMD model has a time complexity of
O(n2)\mathcal{O}(n^{2})
. 相似文献
24.
After‐sales service is a major source of profit for many original equipment manufacturers in industries with durable products. Successful engagement in after‐sales service improves customer loyalty and allows for competitive differentiation through superior service like an extended service period during which customers are guaranteed to be provided with service parts. Inventory management during this period is challenging due to the substantial uncertainty concerning demand over a long time horizon. The traditional mechanism of spare parts acquisition is to place a large final order at the end of regular production of the parent product, causing major holding costs and a high level of obsolescence risk. With an increasing length of the service period, more flexibility is needed and can be provided by adding options like extra production and remanufacturing. However, coordinating all three options yields a complicated stochastic dynamic decision problem. For that problem type, we show that a quite simple decision rule with order‐up‐to levels for extra production and remanufacturing is very effective. We propose a heuristic procedure for parameter determination which accounts for the main stochastic and dynamic interactions in decision making, but still consists of relatively simple calculations that can be applied to practical problem sizes. A numerical study reveals that the heuristic performs extremely well under a wide range of conditions, and therefore can be strongly recommended as a decision support tool for the multi‐option spare parts procurement problem. A comparison with decision rules adapted from practice demonstrates that our approach offers an opportunity for major cost reductions. 相似文献
25.
In panel studies on sensitive topics, respondent-generated identification codes are often used to link records across surveys. However, usually a substantial number of cases are lost due to the codes. These losses may cause biased estimates. Using more components and linking the codes by the Levenshtein string distance function will reduce the losses. In a simulation study and two field experiments, the proposed procedure outperforms the methods previously applied. 相似文献
26.
Rainer Schlittgen 《AStA Advances in Statistical Analysis》2011,95(2):205-217
Clusterwise regression aims to cluster data sets where the clusters are characterized by their specific regression coefficients
in a linear regression model. In this paper, we propose a method for determining a partition which uses an idea of robust
regression. We start with some random weighting to determine a start partition and continue in the spirit of M-estimators.
The residuals for all regressions are used to assign the observations to the different groups. As target function we use the
determination coefficient R2wR^{2}_{w} for the overall model. This coefficient is suitably defined for weighted regression. 相似文献
27.
28.
Prof. Dr. Thomas Klein Rainer Unger 《KZfSS K?lner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie》2001,53(1):96-110
The paper examines the effect of income on mortality with respect to different health statuses and institutional characteristics of the health care system in the USA, Great Britain and West Germany. It is hypothesized that the nature of the theoretical contribution of income in explaining mortality risks changes on whether good or poor health is considered. Taking into account that the health care systems of the countries in question vary by their degree of household out-of-pocket expenditure, we expect an association between income and mortality that differs by country. The analysis is based on the German Socio-economic Panel (GSOEP), the British Household Panel Study (BHPS), and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). The effect of income on mortality is found to be weakest when medical services are sought in the presence of poor health within the framework of a national health insurance that renders free primary health care (Great Britain, Germany). The effect is strongest when the provision of primary health care depends strongly on private expenditures (USA). 相似文献
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