On the concept of maximum mobility

Techniques for the construction of alternative extrema from a given transition matrix, such as an intergenerational occupational mobility matrix, are displayed. Linear programming is used to construct alternative ‘maximum’ mobility regimes by altering constraints. Within certain constraints the solution for the maximum mobility matrix is not unique, since there exist a very large number of equally valid solutions. An algorithmic procedure is presented which produces a unique solution and gives results equivalent to a specific case of the linear programming method.     

Sexual self control as a mediator of high risk sexual behavior in a New York city cohort of HIV+ and HIV‐ gay men

This paper describes the development of the Perceived Sexual Control inventory (PSC) and a study investigating the relationship between an individual's perception of control over sexual behavior and actual sexual risk behavior in a New York City cohort of 108 HIV+ and 48 HIV‐ gay men. Correlational analysis indicated that reported difficulty controlling sexual behavior was associated with having more male sex partners and sex occasions over lifetime and in the 6 months prior to interview, with a greater number of one‐time partners and out‐of‐home partners, with less monogamy, and with being abstinent in the prior 6 months. Those who perceived difficulty with sexual control were significantly more likely to use cocaine or amyl nitrate (poppers) during sex, to do so on more occasions and to use more drugs overall. Additionally, perceptions of sexual control were found to relate to high risk sexual practices. Those lower in perceived sexual control reported more occasions of receiving anal ejaculation than those who reported greater sexual control. Two subscales (Perceived Control Over Sex Drive and Perceived Control Over Risk Behavior), derived via factor analysis from the 20‐item inventory used to assess perceived sexual control, were also examined in relation to the above variables, and differential findings are discussed. The overall pattern of findings supports the construct validity of the PSC.     

Testing the Economic Independence Hypothesis: The Effect of an Exogenous Increase in Child Support on Subsequent Marriage and Cohabitation

We examine the effects of an increase in income on the cohabitation and marriage of single mothers. Using data from an experiment that resulted in randomly assigned differences in child support receipt for welfare-receiving single mothers, we find that exogenous income increases (as a result of receiving all child support that was paid) are associated with significantly lower cohabitation rates between mothers and men who are not the fathers of their child(ren). Overall, these results support the hypothesis that additional income increases disadvantaged women’s economic independence by reducing the need to be in the least stable type of partnerships. Our results also show the potential importance of distinguishing between biological and social fathers.     

三螺旋模式与知识经济

大学、产业与政府三者之间关系构成了一个三螺旋模型，可将此关系网络的新体制模型推广为三种选择环境如何相互作用的新进化模型。两种相互作用的选择机制能形成一个轨道，而三个选择环境则有望生成一种管理制度。通过新进化模型既可理解大学、产业与政府三者间关系的机构整合，又可理解财富创造、知识生产和立法等功能的不同。对于国家、部门和区域创新系统的说明便可以确切地阐述为一个实证问题：协同是否由关系网络的不同功能而产生？由此，该三螺旋模型使我们能在全球层次上，根据局部稳定（和潜在锁定）轨道之间的权衡，对比技术经济制度，研究某种经济的知识基础。     

Clean and green organizing in urban neighborhoods: Measuring perceived and objective outcomes

ABSTRACT

One way in which urban community organizations attempt to improve neighborhood health is through cleaning and greening efforts. Few studies have evaluated how such efforts are related to changes in both residents’ perceptions of neighborhoods and objective community-wide cleaning and greening indicators over time. Drawing upon quantitative and qualitative data collected during an evaluation of a community-building initiative in two communities, results show how neighborhood changes in cleaning and greening were reflected in perceived and objective measures and how these measures compare across different time periods and sub-groups of residents within the two target communities. We provide suggestions for additional ways that future evaluations of urban cleaning and greening efforts can examine the impact.     

Social Welfare and Urban Problems

Financing Higher Education: Recommendations of the Carnegie Commission on Higher Education. Four volumes (see below). Berkeley, California, Carnegie Commission on Higher Education, 1968.

The Economics of the Major Private Universities, William G. Bowen. 66 pages. $1.25 softbound.

The Finance of Higher Education, Howard R. Bowen. $1.00 softbound.

Alternative Methods of Federal Funding for Higher Education, Ronald A. Wolk. 261 pages. $2.00 softbound.

Quality and Equality: New Levels of Federal Responsibility for Higher Education. A Special Report and Recommendations by the Commission. 54 pages. $1.00 softbound.     

Efficacy of group therapy for problems with postmastectomy self‐perception,body image,and sexuality

Until very recently, the sexual and body image problems of women treated for breast cancer by surgical removal of the breast were ignored by physicians and therapists. Postmastectomy women (N = 62) and non‐mastectomy women (N = 51) were compared on self‐image and sexuality, positive affect, autonomy, self‐sacrifice, and body touching. Additionally, mastectomees were tested three times over 12 months to evaluate the efficacy of group therapy for postmastectomy women. Prior to group therapy, baseline data indicated that, compared to nonmastec‐tomy women, mastectomees had a significantly different body image and lower sexual adjustment. Specifically there was marked dislike for the amputated breast region and diminished pleasure in self‐touching of the remaining breast. Positive affect and sexual receptivity for both the mastectomee and her partner were perceived to be adversely affected. These effects were not related to age, marital status, or elapsed time since mastectomy. Treatment significantly improved positive affect and sexual adjustment but did not improve attitude toward the amputated breast region or increase the range or frequency of sexual activity and sexual receptivity.     

Predicting treatment efficacy via quantitative magnetic resonance imaging: a Bayesian joint model

The prognosis for patients with high grade gliomas is poor, with a median survival of 1 year. Treatment efficacy assessment is typically unavailable until 5-6 months post diagnosis. Investigators hypothesize that quantitative magnetic resonance imaging can assess treatment efficacy 3 weeks after therapy starts, thereby allowing salvage treatments to begin earlier. The purpose of this work is to build a predictive model of treatment efficacy by using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging data and to assess its performance. The outcome is 1-year survival status. We propose a joint, two-stage Bayesian model. In stage I, we smooth the image data with a multivariate spatiotemporal pairwise difference prior. We propose four summary statistics that are functionals of posterior parameters from the first-stage model. In stage II, these statistics enter a generalized non-linear model as predictors of survival status. We use the probit link and a multivariate adaptive regression spline basis. Gibbs sampling and reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo methods are applied iteratively between the two stages to estimate the posterior distribution. Through both simulation studies and model performance comparisons we find that we can achieve higher overall correct classification rates by accounting for the spatiotemporal correlation in the images and by allowing for a more complex and flexible decision boundary provided by the generalized non-linear model.