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121.
When characterizing a therapy, the efficacy and the safety are two major aspects under consideration. In prescribing a therapy to a patient, a clinician puts the two aspects together and makes a decision based on a consolidated thought process. The global benefit-risk (GBR) measures proposed by Chuang-Stein et al. (Stat. Med. 1991; 10:1349-1359) are useful in facilitating the thinking, and creating the framework for making statistical comparisons based on benefit-risk point of view. This article describes how a GBR linear score was defined and used as the primary outcome measure in a clinical trial design. The robustness of the definitions of 'benefit' and 'risk' are evaluated using different criteria. The sensitivity of the pre-specified weights is also analyzed using alternative weights; one of those was determined by the relative to an identified distribution integral transformation approach (Biometrics 1958; 14:18-38). Statistical considerations are illustrated using pooled data from clinical trials studying antidepressant. The pros and cons for using GBR assessments in the setting of clinical trials are discussed. 相似文献
122.
Response-adaptive (RA) allocation designs can skew the allocation of incoming subjects toward the better performing treatment group based on the previously accrued responses. While unstable estimators and increased variability can adversely affect adaptation in early trial stages, Bayesian methods can be implemented with decreasingly informative priors (DIP) to overcome these difficulties. DIPs have been previously used for binary outcomes to constrain adaptation early in the trial, yet gradually increase adaptation as subjects accrue. We extend the DIP approach to RA designs for continuous outcomes, primarily in the normal conjugate family by functionalizing the prior effective sample size to equal the unobserved sample size. We compare this effective sample size DIP approach to other DIP formulations. Further, we considered various allocation equations and assessed their behavior utilizing DIPs. Simulated clinical trials comparing the behavior of these approaches with traditional Frequentist and Bayesian RA as well as balanced designs show that the natural lead-in approaches maintain improved treatment with lower variability and greater power. 相似文献
123.
Adèle Morvannou Magali Dufour Natacha Brunelle Djamal Berbiche Élise Roy 《International Gambling Studies》2017,17(2):176-191
Previous research has shown that poker players spend significant time, large amounts of money and have a high prevalence of gambling problems. While some studies have examined the association between gambling behaviours and passion, none have explored this association specifically among poker players. This study aims to examine the relationships between two types of passion (i.e. harmonious and obsessive) and severity of gambling problems among poker players. A sample of 159 poker players was recruited from across Quebec, Canada. The outcome variable of interest was participants’ scores on the Canadian Pathological Gambling Index and the predictive variable was the Gambling Passion Scale. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify independent risk factors of at-risk poker players. Severity of gambling problems is positively associated with obsessive passion (p < .05). However, harmonious passion is not associated with gambling problems. These results align with previous findings obtained for other gambling activities. Thus, passion could be considered a useful tool when approaching players to talk about risk-taking. 相似文献
124.
A list of consequential developments in the field of statistics for the past quarter-century must include the creation and implementation of the Advanced Placement (AP) program in Statistics. This program has introduced millions of high school students to our discipline over the past 18 years, contributing to the large increase in the number of undergraduate students pursuing statistics as their major in college. ASA members and leaders have played a substantial role in shaping this program and furthering its success. 相似文献
125.
Consequences of Eye Color,Positioning, and Head Movement for Eye‐Tracking Data Quality in Infant Research
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Roy S. Hessels Richard Andersson Ignace T. C. Hooge Marcus Nyström Chantal Kemner 《Infancy》2015,20(6):601-633
Eye tracking has become a valuable tool for investigating infant looking behavior over the last decades. However, where eye‐tracking methodology and achieving high data quality have received a much attention for adult participants, it is unclear how these results generalize to infant research. This is particularly important as infants behave different from adults in front of the eye tracker. In this study, we investigated whether eye physiology, positioning, and infant behavior affect measures of eye‐tracking data quality: accuracy, precision, and data loss. We report that accuracy and precision are lower, and more data loss occurs for infants with bluish eye color compared to infants with brownish eye color. Moreover, accuracy was lower for infants positioned in a high chair or in the parents' lap compared to infants positioned in a baby seat. Finally, precision decreased and data loss increased as a function of time. We highlight the importance of data quality when comparing multiple groups, as differences in data quality can affect eye‐tracking measures. In addition, we investigate how two different measures to quantify infant movement influence eye‐tracker data quality. These findings might help researchers with data collection and help manufacturers develop better eye‐tracking systems for infants. 相似文献
126.
Migrants are sometimes regarded as marginal workers in metropolitan labour markets. London has long been a major destination
for migrants from elsewhere in Britain and abroad. In this paper we examine the earnings and unemployment experience in 1929–1931
of male workers who migrated to London, or within London. We use data from the New Survey of London Life and Labour, a large survey of working class households, the records from which have recently been computerised. Our findings indicate
that migrants were not marginal, in fact they enjoyed slightly higher earnings and lower unemployment incidence than native
Londoners. Much of the advantage can be explained by differences in average skill levels and personal characteristics.
Received: 2 November 1999/Accepted: 3 August 2000 相似文献
127.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) may be defined as any extracranial mechanical force to the brain that results in any period of loss of consciousness, any loss of memory for events immediately before or after the event, or any alteration in mental status at the time of the event. The major causes are automobile accidents, falls, sporting injuries, and assaults. Many soldiers returning from combat in Afghanistan and Iraq have also experienced TBI. This article provides an overview of the neuropsychiatric complications of TBI, including impairment of consciousness, posttraumatic amnesia, cognitive disorders and dementia, posttraumatic epilepsy, aphasia, depression, mania, psychosis, anxiety disorders, personality changes, aggression, behavioral dyscontrol, fatigue/apathy, and increased risk of suicide. Discussion will focus primarily on issues affecting mental health clinicians. Because mental health providers are more involved in care of chronic issues related to TBI, these issues will be discussed in more detail, although acute neuropsychiatric complications of TBI will be briefly explained. 相似文献
128.
Microfinance is high on the public agenda, and better corporate governance has been identified as a key factor for enhancing
the viability of the industry. However, recent literature on the subject struggles to identify the corporate governance mechanisms
that influence the performance of the Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs). Guided by stakeholder and agency theories, this paper
uses a historical parallel found in savings banks to present corporate governance lessons for MFIs, particularly non-profit
MFIs, today. The findings indicate that monitoring by bank associations, depositors, donors, and local communities was important
in securing the survival of savings banks. In addition, a willingness to expand their mission to serve wealthier customers
alongside the poor helped the banks become financially viable. These findings could prompt a rethinking of microfinance governance,
which stresses regulation, for-profit ownership, and traditional vertical board control. The paper argues that a broader and
more stakeholder-based understanding of corporate governance is necessary. Moreover, the paper demonstrates that historical
studies can provide governance lessons for today. 相似文献
129.
130.
Roy Cain Ph.D. 《Qualitative sociology》1994,17(1):43-61
Organizations, like individuals, can be discreditable and potentially stigmatized. This can affect both the members of the
organization and its operation. This study examines how workers in an AIDS service organization in Ontario, Canada, manage
its public image as a way of dealing with the stigma which surrounds much of their work. Using data from in-depth interviews
with staff members and volunteers, the study describes worker concerns about the appearance of being too closely associated
with the local gay and lesbian community and documents some of the strategies they employed to manage the organization's public
image. The paper concludes with a discussion of the relationship between organizational impression management and viability
in the context of the stigma and uncertainty which surrounds the HIV epidemic. 相似文献