国教化实施以后儒教的神秘主义特征和合理主义特征——从历学史角度作新的探讨

日本学界一般将汉代国教化以后的儒教看作是一种重视纬书的、具有神秘主义和非合理主义特征的国家宗教,并且将国教化以后的儒教史描写成这样一个过程,即神秘主义的、非合理主义的儒教为一方,站在国教化以后儒教的批判对立面、发扬合理主义思想的一批知识分子为一方,最终后者战胜了前者.但如果以汉代历学史,特别是以对东汉章帝所实施元和改历的研究为基础再次展开探索,就知道国教化以后儒教所重视的纬书中既有神秘主义和非合理主义的特性,同时也有至今为止被完全忽视了的、合理主义的特性.基于这一事实,对国教化以后的儒教及国教化以后的儒教史作重新研究后发现,国教化以后儒教内部,有可能存在着自发抑制神秘主义、非合理主义特性,发扬合理主义特性的要素.因此可以预测,国教化以后的儒教史中,或许存有"儒教自发的自我发展运动"之可能性.     

汉文《地球说略》在日本的出版与传播

美国传教士在中国传教期间翻译编著了一些宗教书籍和科普书籍,对中国人认识世界提供了一定的基本理论和基本知识。这些汉文西洋科学译书传入日本后,便以和刻本方式翻刻或译述传播开来,在日本普及了科学知识。《地球说略》作为世界地理学的入门书籍曾被日本人广泛地阅读,成为深受欢迎的地理书籍和介绍西洋情况的书籍。     

Social work for vulnerable and marginalized people during COVID-19 in Japan

During the Coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19), working conditions became increasingly difficult for social workers, as they had to deal with new challenges and added workloads. This study describes the difficulties faced by social workers of the Self-Reliance Support System in Japan and clarifies the solution for each difficulty while conducting their duties to support vulnerable people during COVID-19. To this end, we conducted an open-ended questionnaire survey and an interview survey. The data were analyzed using qualitative coding. The results showed that the difficulties faced in consultation support work included supporting hitherto socially invisible groups such as sole traders and foreigners. Social workers also faced an ethical dilemma, as they could not provide support to clients who “did not try to solve their problems” or for whom “interventional attempts did not lead to counseling support” and who only sought benefits at the risk of becoming isolated and impoverished. Following this, consultants collaborated to resolve such difficulties while maximizing the use of various local resources. The study's findings clarify that it would be effective to understand the difficulties faced by social workers to obtain hints toward their resolution.