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51.
52.
Ethical guidelines and codes in operations research 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
We review past endeavors by ORSs to establish ethical guidelines or codes to which their members must subscribe to. We contrast such activities with those of the international community of related professional societies. It is clear that ORSs world-wide do not exhibit the important basic characteristic of a profession, that is, the adoption of and adherence to ethical guidelines and codes. Such adoptions by OR professional organizations are rare. 相似文献
53.
Saul A. Rubinstein 《Journal of Labor Research》2001,22(3):581-598
VII. Conclusions The decline in private sector union density in the U.S. coincided with increased innovation at the local
level. One trend in particular, value-adding unionism, may offer some hope for those who believe that workers, the economy,
and the nation benefit from strong, independent trade union movement. Unions that can add value to firm performance while
at the same time fulfilling their responsibilities to represent the collective and individual interests of their membership
have greater appeal to potential union members seeking opportunities for both representation and participation. Since they
add economic value to firms, they may also reduce the level of managerial resistance that we have seen in recent history.
Farber and Western (2001) argue that the overall U.S. decline in union density is almost entirely due to falling employment
in unionized firms and increases in nonunion firms. This value-adding approach offers one strategy to preserve and expand
union employment in firms where it is already established, thus slowing or reversing the decline. Moreover, as structural
changes in the economy have led to shifts away from sectors with high levels of union density, they have at the same time
put a premium on the ability of firms to respond quickly to changes in the marketplace and the competitive environment. Value-adding
unions can provide the infrastructure for organizational networks that facilitate the communication and coordination necessary
to adjust to such changes. Thus, new forms of representation that provide unions and their members with greater opportunities
in decision making, management, and governance can add value to both management and labor.
I thank Charles Heckscher and Bruce Kaufman for comments on earlier drafts of the paper and the National Science Foundation,
Rutgers University, and MIT for financial support. 相似文献
54.
It has been reported that the capability of adults with a learningdisability to choose their housing is too often impeded by theviews and actions of their family carers and involved professionals(McGlaughlin and Gorfin, with Saul, in press). This study furtherexplores these apparent barriers to providing genuine housingchoice for adults with learning disabilities. It discusses findingsfrom a series of focus groups which explored family and professionalviews about housing and choice. The views expressed indicatethat risk is a fundamental concern for both professionals andfamilies when considering more independent housing for thisgroup. Although opportunities for choice were generally supported,many argued for the need to assess the ability to make informeddecisions. There were also examples of problematic relationshipsbetween professionals and carers, creating a barrier to choice.Carers need involvement, information and support during thedevelopment of housing plans if the needs of the primary serviceusersare to be met. The barriers identified have to be removed ifservice-users are to truly become the focus of decisions andbe enabled to make genuine informed choices. 相似文献
55.
Chris R. Kenyon Kara Osbak Jozefien Buyze Saul Johnson Jacques van Lankveld 《Journal of sex research》2015,52(8):878-886
It is unclear whether higher rates of sexual partner concurrency in Black South Africans are due to socioeconomic or cultural factors. We used a nationally representative sample of 9,728 individuals aged 16 to 55 from a study conducted in 2009 to examine how the norms pertaining to concurrency and the practice of concurrency vary by race, class, and gender. The percentage of men reporting point concurrency was 14%, 6.5%, and 2.5% in Blacks, coloreds, and Whites, respectively (p < 0.001). These percentages increased to 45.7%, 24.7%, and 11.7%, respectively, for those reporting lifetime concurrency (p < 0.001). In all the racial groups, men exhibited more favorable attitudes toward concurrency than women did. For a range of indicators, White men and women had less favorable attitudes toward concurrency than Black men and women. These differences remained after controlling for a range of confounding variables. In the adjusted logistic regression model, reported concurrency in men was associated with a younger age, Black race, being in the lowest income tertile, not being in a stable relationship, and expressing various positive attitudes toward concurrency. 相似文献