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181.
Martin OSTERMEIER Sarah LINDE Jann LAY Sebastian PREDIGER 《International labour review / International Labour Office》2015,154(3):285-302
The MDG employment indicators suffer from major shortcomings, including measurement problems, inappropriate use of aggregate statistics, ambiguous interpretability, and assumptions that do not apply to developing countries. Based on this critique, the authors propose a new set of four indicators for productive employment and decent work, namely: the growth of labour value added per worker, the working poverty rate, the share of workers receiving less than an absolute minimum labour income, and the share of workers receiving less than 60 per cent of the median labour income. They demonstrate the empirical application of these indicators using the country cases of Uganda and Peru. 相似文献
182.
Sebastian Bobadilla-Suarez Cass R. Sunstein Tali Sharot 《Journal of Risk and Uncertainty》2017,54(3):187-202
Human beings are often faced with a pervasive problem: whether to make their own decision or to delegate the decision task to someone else. Here, we test whether people are inclined to forgo monetary rewards in order to retain agency when faced with choices that could lead to losses and gains. In a simple choice task, we show that participants choose to pay in order to control their own payoff more than they should if they were to maximize monetary rewards and minimize monetary losses. This tendency cannot be explained by participants’ overconfidence in their own ability, as their perceived ability was elicited and accounted for. Nor can the results be explained by lack of information. Rather, the results seem to reflect an intrinsic value for choice, which emerges in the domain of both gains and of losses. Moreover, our data indicate that participants are aware that they are making suboptimal choices in the normative sense, but do so anyway, presumably for psychological gains. 相似文献
183.
Daniel J. Benjamin Sebastian A. Brown Jesse M. Shapiro 《Journal of the European Economic Association》2013,11(6):1231-1255
In this paper, we ask whether variation in preference anomalies is related to variation in cognitive ability. Evidence from a new laboratory study of Chilean high‐school students with similar schooling backgrounds shows that small‐stakes risk aversion and short‐run discounting are less common among those with higher standardized test scores. The relationship with test scores survives controls for parental education and wealth. We find some evidence that elementary‐school GPA is predictive of preferences measured at the end of high school. Two laboratory interventions provide suggestive evidence of a possible causal impact of cognitive resources on expressed preferences. 相似文献
184.
Sebastian Bervoets 《Social Choice and Welfare》2007,29(2):295-315
In this paper, the set of outcomes of game forms is introduced as the relevant attribute for evaluating freedom of choice.
These sets are defined as the cartesian product of every individual’s set of available options. It is argued that doing so
is one way of taking into account social interactions when evaluating individual freedom. A set of axioms is introduced, each
of which conveys some intuitions about how interactions affect freedom of choice, axioms by the mean of which two criteria,
the Max and the MaxMin, are characterised for comparing game forms in terms of the freedom of choice they offer. These criteria are based, respectively,
on the comparison of the best and the worst outcome the individual can reach in the game form. 相似文献
185.
Eva U. B. Kibele Sebastian Klüsener Rembrandt D. Scholz 《KZfSS K?lner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie》2015,67(1):241-270
While regional mortality inequalities in Germany tend to be relatively stable in the short run, over the course of the past century marked changes have occurred in the country’s regional mortality patterns. These changes include not only the re-emergence of stark differences between eastern and western Germany after 1970, which have almost disappeared again in the decades after the reunification of Germany in 1990; but also substantial changes in the disparities between northern and southern Germany. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the northern regions in Germany had the highest life expectancy levels, while the southern regions had the lowest. Today, this mortality pattern is reversed. In this paper, we study these long-term trends in spatial mortality disparities in Germany since 1910, and link them with theoretical considerations and existing research on the possible determinants of these patterns. Our findings support the view that the factors which contributed to shape spatial mortality variation have changed substantially over time, and suggest that the link between regional socioeconomic conditions and recorded mortality levels strengthened over the last 100 years. 相似文献
186.
Des indicateurs «SMART» pour mesurer le travail décent: proposition dans la perspective du programme de développement pour l'après‐2015
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Martin OSTERMEIER Sarah LINDE Jann LAY Sebastian PREDIGER 《Revue Internationale du Travail》2015,154(3):315-335
Les indicateurs associés aux objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement présentent plusieurs lacunes: des problèmes de mesure et d'interprétation, l'utilisation de données agrégées et des hypothèses inadaptées aux pays en développement. Les auteurs proposent par conséquent quatre nouveaux indicateurs de l'emploi productif et du travail décent: l'augmentation de la part du travail dans la valeur ajoutée par těte, le taux de travailleurs pauvres et la proportion de travailleurs qui perçoivent un revenu inférieur à un minimum donné, fixé en valeur absolue d'abord puis à 60 pour cent du revenu du travail médian. Deux cas d'espèce – Ouganda et Pérou – illustrent l'application pratique de ces indicateurs. 相似文献
187.
Measuring societal effects of transdisciplinary research projects: design and application of an evaluation method 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Most Transdisciplinary Research (TdR) projects combine scientific research with the building of decision making capacity for the involved stakeholders. These projects usually deal with complex, societally relevant, real-world problems. This paper focuses on TdR projects, which integrate the knowledge of researchers and stakeholders in a collaborative transdisciplinary process through structured methods of mutual learning. Previous research on the evaluation of TdR has insufficiently explored the intended effects of transdisciplinary processes on the real world (societal effects). We developed an evaluation framework for assessing the societal effects of transdisciplinary processes. Outputs (measured as procedural and product-related involvement of the stakeholders), impacts (intermediate effects connecting outputs and outcomes) and outcomes (enhanced decision making capacity) are distinguished as three types of societal effects. Our model links outputs and outcomes of transdisciplinary processes via the impacts using a mediating variables approach. We applied this model in an ex post evaluation of a transdisciplinary process. 84 out of 188 agents participated in a survey. The results show significant mediation effects of the two impacts "network building" and "transformation knowledge". These results indicate an influence of a transdisciplinary process on the decision making capacity of stakeholders, especially through social network building and the generation of knowledge relevant for action. 相似文献
188.
Sebastian Klüsener Karel Neels Michaela Kreyenfeld 《Population and development review》2013,39(4):587-610
Countries in Northwestern Europe, including Belgium, report cohort fertility levels of close to two children per woman; whereas Central European countries, such as Germany, have levels of around 1.6 children. In seeking to explain these differences, some scholars have stressed the role of the social policy context, while others have pointed to variation in fertility‐related social norms. But because these influences are interdependent, it is difficult to isolate their effects on fertility trends. This study attempts to disentangle these two factors by drawing on a quasi‐natural experiment. After World War I Germany was compelled to cede the Eupen–Malmedy territory to Belgium. The population of this region has retained its German linguistic identity, but has been subject to Belgian social policies. We examine whether the fertility trends in this German‐speaking region of Belgium follow the Belgian or the German pattern. Our findings indicate that they generally resemble the Belgian pattern. This suggests that institutional factors are important for understanding the current fertility differences in Western Europe. 相似文献
189.
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Kunert Dipl.-Psych. Stephan Bedenk 《Organisationsberatung, Supervision, Coaching》2013,20(1):17-22
This article deals with the contribution of scientific knowledge and methods for the ongoing professionalization of organizational consulting. There is a need for a unique selling point as well as for a proof of efficacy. That can be achieved by generating own knowledge, exclusive key competencies and a code of ethics. Science can make valuable contribution at this point. The various options and there shortcomings are discussed. 相似文献
190.
Over the last 200 years, humans experienced a huge increase of life expectancy. These advances were largely driven by extrinsic improvements of their environment (for example, the available diet, disease prevalence, vaccination, and the state of hygiene and sanitation). In this paper, we ask whether future improvements of life expectancy will be bounded from above by human life span. Life span, in contrast to life expectancy, is conceptualized as a biological measure of longevity driven by the intrinsic rate of bodily deterioration. In order to pursue our question, we first present a modern theory of aging developed by bio-gerontologists and show that immutable life span would put an upper limit on life expectancy. We then show for a sample of developed countries that human life span thus defined was indeed constant until the mid-twentieth century but increased since then in sync with life expectancy. In other words, we find evidence for manufactured life span. 相似文献