Human Health Risk Assessment of Penicillin/Aminopenicillin Resistance in Enterococci Due to Penicillin Use in Food Animals

Penicillin and ampicillin drugs are approved for use in food animals in the United States to treat, control, and prevent diseases, and penicillin is approved for use to improve growth rates in pigs and poultry. This article considers the possibility that such uses might increase the incidence of ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (AREF) of animal origin in human infections, leading to increased hospitalization and mortality due to reduced response to ampicillin or penicillin. We assess the risks from continued use of penicillin-based drugs in food animals in the United States, using several assumptions to overcome current scientific uncertainties and data gaps. Multiplying the total at-risk population of intensive care unit (ICU) patients by a series of estimated factors suggests that not more than 0.04 excess mortalities per year (under conservative assumptions) to 0.14 excess mortalities per year (under very conservative assumptions) might be prevented in the whole U.S. population if current use of penicillin drugs in food animals were discontinued and if this successfully reduced the prevalence of AREF infections among ICU patients. These calculations suggest that current penicillin usage in food animals in the United States presents very low (possibly zero) human health risks.     

Alternative Methods for Computing the Sensitivity of Complex Surveillance Systems

Stochastic scenario trees are a new and popular method by which surveillance systems can be analyzed to demonstrate freedom from pests and disease. For multiple component systems—such as a combination of a serological survey and systematically collected observations—it can be difficult to represent the complete system in a tree because many branches are required to represent complex conditional relationships. Here we show that many of the branches of some scenario trees have identical outcomes and are therefore redundant. We demonstrate how to prune branches and derive compact representations of scenario trees using matrix algebra and Bayesian belief networks. The Bayesian network representation is particularly useful for calculation and exposition. It therefore provides a firm basis for arguing disease freedom in international forums.     

紧缩时代的新极端主义和干扰政治

美国主流媒体有关财政悬崖危机等孤立议题的辩论,是一种转移公众注意力的干扰性话语政治学,它旨在强化去政治化和威权主义的新模式,割裂人们对个体困境与公共利益考虑之间的联系。在民主共和两党尤其是共和党极端主义对福利国家、公共利益和责任政府的大肆攻击之下,美国已经变成精神上的威权国家,市场极端主义和极端个人主义甚嚣尘上,想象力、能动性和希望被窒息。在此情况下,批判教育学成为正义、社会责任和民主意义的核心,帮助人们争取集体夺回民主斗争的胜利。     

MS-代数的主同余的一个刻划及其应用(英文)

本文得到了MS-代数的主同余的一个拓扑刻划,然后运用此刻划给出MS-代数的一些分子簇的新的描述。     

Are Female Executives Over‐represented in Precarious Leadership Positions?

We use a sample of CEO appointments at US corporations over the years 1992–2004 to test the 'glass cliff' hypothesis, which posits that females are appointed to leadership positions at firms that are in a precarious financial condition. Our analysis utilizes three measures of stock-price-based financial performance and two distinct control samples of appointments of males to the CEO position. We find that corporate performance preceding CEO appointments tends to favor females, implying that females (males) are appointed to the CEO position largely at times when the firm is in relatively better (worse) financial health. Disaggregating the data by appointments in up versus down markets, at high-risk versus low-risk firms, and by calendar time yield similar conclusions. There appears to be no glass cliff facing female CEOs at US firms. Our findings suggest a need for additional research to identify where and for what types of positions this phenomenon is prevalent.     

Will you trust your new boss? The role of affective reactions to leadership succession

Affective reactions to the departure of work group leaders are proposed as an important determinant of members' trust-related judgments regarding new leaders. A field test of veterinary hospital employees evaluating new leaders revealed that the affective reaction to the departure of the prior group leader predicted trust when there was no history between the individuals. When there was history between the two individuals, the group member's evaluation of the new leader's ability on their prior job was a significant predictor of trust over and above their affective reaction to the succession. The relationships between affective reactions to succession and trust formation were replicated in a longitudinal simulation of trust formation in student groups. The implications of these findings for the study of trust in organizations and leadership succession processes in work groups are discussed.     

人力资本异质性、代际差异与农民工市民化

基于微观调查数据, 以受限截尾模型为基础, 采用集束化估计方法, 深入刻画不同类型人力资本对农民工市民化程度的影响格局。研究结果表明:相对于正规教育, 技能培训对农民工市民化的影响效应占据明显的优势地位。与个体行为、资源可及性及民生保障等层面市民化相比, 心理情感受到正规教育的作用强度更大。在代际差异上, 技能培训的作用均高于正规教育, 但对第一代农民工市民化的作用效应更明显。据此, 提出有策略分类型提升农民工人力资本、构建文化课堂工程等政策建议。