College Smoking Policies and Smoking Cessation Programs: Results of a Survey of College Health Center Directors

Abstract

College students' cigarette smoking rose dramatically during the 1990s. Little is known about what colleges do to address the problem. Health center directors at 393 4-year US colleges provided information (response rate: 65.1%) about college policies addressing smoking and the availability of smoking cessation programs. Of the health center directors surveyed, 85% considered students' smoking a problem; yet only 81% of colleges prohibit smoking in all public areas and only 27% ban smoking in all indoor areas, including students' rooms in dormitories and in private offices. More than 40% of the respondents reported that their schools did not offer smoking cessation programs and that the demand for existing program was low. Colleges need to do more to discourage student tobacco use. Recommended actions include campus-wide no-smoking policies that apply to student residences and identification of new ways of providing smoking prevention and cessation services.     

Bayesian computation for the superposition of nonhomogeneous poisson processes

Bayesian inference for the superposition of nonhomogeneous Poisson processes is studied. A Markov-chain Monte Carlo method with data augmentation is developed to compute the features of the posterior distribution. For each observed failure epoch, a latent variable is introduced that indicates which component of the superposition model gives rise to the failure. This data-augmentation approach facilitates specification of the transitional kernel in the Markov chain. Moreover, new Bayesian tests are developed for the full superposition model against simpler submodels. Model determination by a predictive likelihood approach is studied. A numerical example based on a real data set is given.     

College smoking policies and smoking cessation programs: results of a survey of college health center directors

College students' cigarette smoking rose dramatically during the 1990s. Little is known about what colleges do to address the problem. Health center directors at 393 4-year US colleges provided information (response rate: 65.1%) about college policies addressing smoking and the availability of smoking cessations programs. Of the health center directors surveyed, 85% considered students' smoking a problem; yet only 81% of colleges prohibit smoking in all public areas and only 27% ban smoking in all indoor areas, including students' rooms in dormitories and in private offices. More than 40% of the respondents reported that their schools did not offer smoking cessation programs and that the demand for existing program was low. Colleges need to do more to discourage student tobacco use. Recommended actions include campus-wide no-smoking policies that apply to student residences and identification of new ways of providing smoking prevention and cessation services.     

“科学问题”概念及其本质特征和属性

“问题”是科学研究的灵魂。本文研究了“科学问题’概念及其与哲学问题、数学问题的联系和区别。区分了“问题’的抽象表述和具体表述。探讨了“科学问题”的本质特征和属性。     

College binge drinking in the 1990s: a continuing problem. Results of the Harvard School of Public Health 1999 College Alcohol Study

In 1999, the Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study resurveyed colleges that participated in the 1993 and 1997 surveys. Responses to mail questionnaires from more than 14,000 students at 119 nationally representative 4-year colleges in 39 states were compared with responses received in 1997 and 1993. Two of 5 students (44%) were binge drinkers in 1999, the same rate as in 1993. However, both abstention and frequent binge-drinking rates increased significantly. In 1999, 19% were abstainers, and 23% were frequent binge drinkers. As before, binge drinkers, and particularly frequent binge drinkers, were more likely than other students to experience alcohol-related problems. At colleges with high binge-drinking rates, students who did not binge drink continued to be at higher risk of encountering the second-hand effects of others' heavy drinking. The continuing high level of binge drinking is discussed in the context of the heightened attention and increased actions at colleges. Although it may take more time for interventions to take effect, the actions college health providers have undertaken thus far may not be a sufficient response.     

直播电商新业态下食品安全问题的归因定位研究 ——基于518个食品安全事件的实证分析

针对近年我国直播电商食品安全问题,搜集整理了2018—2021年发生的518个直播电商食品安全事件,利用失效模式和影响分析法分析直播电商食品安全问题的关键控制点,构建SC-RC判别与定位矩阵识别直播电商食品安全的薄弱环节。研究表明：直播电商食品安全问题的关键控制点为卫生环境不规范、主播选品不严格、使用不合格原料、平台检验不当;薄弱环节为直播销售环节的虚假宣传、主播选品不严格、检测制度不健全、造假。据此,提出加强直播平台对主播的审核查验、创新直播电商行业监管方式、建立直播电商食品安全的跨界合作治理体系等建议。     

Cultural System vs. Pan‐cultural Dimensions: Philosophical Reflection on Approaches for Indigenous Psychology

The three approaches for conducting psychological research across cultures proposed by Berry (1989), namely, the imported etic, emic and derived etic approach are critically examined for developing culture‐inclusive theories in psychology, in order to deal with the enigma left by Wilhelm Wundt. Those three approaches have been restricted to a certain extent by the pan‐cultural dimensional approach which may result in the Orientalism of psychology in understanding people of non‐Western cultures. This article is designated to provide the philosophical ground for an alternative cultural system approach to construct culture‐inclusive theories in psychology. Following the principle of cultural psychology: “one mind, many mentalities” (Shweder et al., 1998), the alternative strategy contains two steps: First, based on Bhaskar's (1975, 1978) critical realism, all universal mechanisms should seek to represent the operation of the human mind. Second, based on Archer's (1995) analytical dualism, the mechanisms of the universal mind may be used as frameworks for analyzing any cultural tradition. The culture‐inclusive theories thus obtained represent the synchronic morphostasis of a cultural system, which may be used as theoretical frameworks for conducting either qualitative or quantitative empirical research in studying the diachronic morphogenesis of socio‐cultural interaction in a particular culture.     

The Voice on the Bridge: Taiwan’s Regulatory Engagement with Global Pharmaceuticals 橋上之聲: 全球醫藥法規中的臺灣處遇

This paper analyzes Taiwan’s engagement with the standardization of pharmaceutical clinical trials at the turn of this century. Unlike approaches that treat local encounters with globalization as either reluctant acceptance or lasting resistance, this study calls attention to a complicated process of negotiation, the conceptual gap between the illusion of a unified world and the reality of persistently divided nation-states. To address this gap, an ethnographic investigation is required. Two concepts, “bridging” and “voicing” (fasheng), are introduced in order to capture Taiwan’s unstable status, what I term “the voice on the bridge,” in this process. Bridging emerged as a technical concept for evaluating pharmaceutical drugs’ possible differential ethnic effects. But it also reflects the ambiguous reality of a world in which each state is an islet connected to others by imaginary bridges. Fasheng (“voicing”) has to do with Taiwan’s long-held desire for world recognition as a state. This paper is an ethnography of globalization and the state that traces how Taiwan created a regulatory resolution through the idea of bridging and how this “voice” was articulated through various social strategies. It explores not only the complexity of interactions in the technical field of regulatory science, but also argues that looking at such entanglements of science and society makes it possible to move beyond simple interpretations of globalization.

市场经济条件下的社会价值观选择

在社会主义市场经济正处于创建、发展、完善时期,我们必须选择、确立与之相适应的社会价值观,为此,要明确在市场经济条件下,社会价值观选择的依据;要理性选择社会价值观和价值观目标体系;此外,要选择建构起社会价值观体系:即以建设有中国特色的社会主义为总体价值目标;以社会主义市场经济、社会主义民主政治为主要内容;以集体主义价值观为核心;以为人民服务的价值观为落脚点的社会价值观念体系。     

论哲学社会科学在社会发展中的重要作用

哲学社会科学有四个方面的重要作用。一、一些重大的研究成果是实现社会变革、进行根本制度创新的理论先导;二、帮助人们正确地认识和解决各种社会矛盾,促进社会的协调稳定的发展;三、解决世界观、人生观和价值观问题,拓展人的精神境界,提高人的价值;四、应对国际国内形势的新变化,做到与时俱进,推动中国特色的社会主义事业健康发展。