Concepts and Methods Involved in the Last Revision of Italy's GDP

ABSTRACT: The general revision of Italy's national economic accounts set out by ISTAT in 1987 was originated by two main factors: the structural changes of the economy detected by the 1981-82 censuses and through surveys on labour force, the internal offer and demand as a whole, and the need to include the typical activities of the underground economy widespread in Italy into the national accounts. The GDP has been adjusted partly according to the improvement of normal statistical sources in collecting data on the production and circulation of goods and services, especially those deriving from small establishments, and partly from statistical research covering the contributions of activities of clandestine immigrants in Italy, second jobs and minor legal activities in the underground economy. Finally, a breakdown of value added by type of economy (the regular and the parallel) is presented. The presumed extent of the parallel economy is estimated for the year 1982 up to 19-20|X% of GDP.     

“Because we all love K-Pop”: How young adults reshape symbolic boundaries in Paris,Manchester, and Philadelphia

In this paper, we examine how young adults who are consumers of K-Pop in three culturally diverse cities (Paris, Philadelphia, and Manchester) reshape their symbolic boundaries to face social challenges. Analyzing data from 132 interviews, we show how young adults mainly confront social exclusion in Paris, fight racism in Philadelphia and deal with xenophobia in Manchester. Although K-Pop adds to the dynamics of exclusion due to being perceived as culturally foreign, our participants use K-Pop as a resource to reshape social boundaries towards new forms of inclusion. They do this by relying on K-Pop as a cultural product that promotes inclusion, and on their affiliation with the K-Pop community on a local and global level.