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131.
Determining appropriate inventory levels has been a subject of interest for both researchers and practitioners. Standard practice is to treat lead time demand as a random sum of random numbers and rely on established probability theory to calculate both reorder point and safety stock levels. A key assumption in these calculations, however, is that lead time and demand are not correlated. In this paper, we first explore situations where this assumption is untrue and then develop equations to determine the reorder point and the safety stock when lead time and demand are correlated. More specifically, we (1) derive formulas for the average and variance of the demand in a lead time, which can then be used to calculate the reorder point and the safety stock, (2) apply these formulas to two distributions for which there is a closed‐form solution: normal and Poisson, and (3) examine the effect of correlation on safety stock requirements under the normal distribution. 相似文献
132.
University students report significantly worse sleep quality than the general population. Sleep problems are related to increased health concerns, irritability, depression, fatigue, and attention and concentration difficulties, along with poor academic performance. Clinical research indicates that psychoeducational interventions are among the most effective methods for improving sleep quality in the general population. Similar studies for university students are lacking. In this study, the authors describe the development of the Sleep Treatment and Education Program for Students (STEPS) and evaluate its effectiveness with a double blind, experimental design. Students in the treatment group reported significantly improved sleep quality and sleep hygiene behaviors at 6 weeks posttreatment. 相似文献
133.
Sexually competent stimuli may nonconsciously activate sexual memory and set up sexual responding. In men, subliminally presented sexual pictures facilitated recognition of sexual information. The goal of the two experiments reported here was to investigate to what extent this result can be generalized to women. A direct replication in women failed in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, besides the male-oriented sexual picture set, pictures of two other sets were presented: female-oriented sexual pictures and baby pictures. Effects of the menstrual cycle were also examined. In Experiment 2 only male-oriented pictures showed a facilitation effect. Sensitivity for reproductive stimuli was enhanced during the midluteal phase. Like men, women may nonconsciously recognize a stimulus as sexual. This recognition process seems unrelated to the potential of the stimulus to elicit subjective arousal. 相似文献
134.
The use of oil has changed world economies, social and political structures, and lifestyles beyond the effect of any other substance in such a short time. But oil supplies are limited. The peak of world oil production and the beginning of the irreversible decline of oil availability is clearly in sight. This paper examines the role of oil in two contexts: Its importance in countries almost entirely dependent on oil income, and the role of oil in world agricultural productivity. Possible alternatives to oil and its close associate, natural gas, are also examined. Countries almost solely dependent on oil income are chiefly those of the Persian Gulf region. The prosperity which oil has brought to these nations has resulted in a rapidly growing population which is not sustainable without oil revenues. World agriculture is now highly dependent on oil and natural gas for fertilizers and pesticides. Without these, agricultural productivity would markedly decline. As a base for the production of these materials, oil and natural gas are irreplaceable. Lifestyles and affluence in the post-petroleum paradigm will be quite different from today. World population will have to be reduced if it is to exist at any reasonable standard of living. At that time concern will be much more centered on obtaining basic resources, especially agricultural, by which to survive. 相似文献
135.
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137.
We examine properties of binary relations that complement quasi-transitivity and Suzumura consistency in the sense that they, in conjunction with the original axiom(s), are equivalent to transitivity. In general, the conjunction of quasi-transitivity and Suzumura consistency is weaker than transitivity but in the case of collective choice rules that satisfy further properties, this conjunction implies transitivity of the social relation. We prove this observation by characterizing the Pareto rule as the only collective choice rule such that collective preference relations are quasi-transitive and Suzumura consistent, and standard social choice axioms are satisfied. 相似文献
138.
Walter J. Wessels 《Journal of Labor Research》2005,26(1):169-176
Labor force participation is directly related to the value of being in the labor force. The effect of the minimum wage on
labor force participation thus measures how the minimum wage affects the welfare of labor force participants. In contrast,
a decline in employment tells us little about welfare, because of the offsetting wage increase. Only changes in labor force
participation can directly measure the welfare effects of the minimum wage. Despite this, most literature about the minimum
wage has been focused on employment. My empirical results show that the minimum wage has a significant negative effect on
teenage labor force participation. Thus, a minimum wage reduces the value of entering the labor market. 相似文献
139.
140.
Walter Block Joseph Horton Ethan Shorter 《International Journal of Value-Based Management》1998,11(3):253-263
Rent control is a public policy which fails on both normative and positive economic grounds. In the former case, it violates
all canons of equity, of both right (private property rights are sacrosanct) and left (it does not promote egalitarianism,
rather, often, it enriches rich tenants and impoverishes poor landlords). In the latter, it leads to inefficiency, deterioration
of rental housing, reduces incentives for upkeep and maintenance, reduces labor mobility, exacerbates landlord tenant relations,
promotes housing abandonment and homelessness, and misallocates resources away from residential rental units. This sovietization
of housing has effects similar to the sovietization of anything else: farming, factories, industry, forestry, whatever.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献