The Use of Working Variables in the Bayesian Modeling of Mean and Dispersion Parameters in Generalized Nonlinear Models with Random Effects

This article is aimed at reviewing a novel Bayesian approach to handle inference and estimation in the class of generalized nonlinear models. These models include some of the main techniques of statistical methodology, namely generalized linear models and parametric nonlinear regression. In addition, this proposal extends to methods for the systematic treatment of variation that is not explicitly predicted within the model, through the inclusion of random effects, and takes into account the modeling of dispersion parameters in the class of two-parameter exponential family. The methodology is based on the implementation of a two-stage algorithm that induces a hybrid approach based on numerical methods for approximating the likelihood to a normal density using a Taylor linearization around the values of current parameters in an MCMC routine.     

Empirical bayes estimation of the binomial parameter n

Estimation of the prior distribution of the binomial parameter nbased on a system of orthogonal polynomials, the Poisson-Charlier polynomials, is studied. It is shown that the resulting estimator is mean squared consistent with rate O(N ^ε-1), where Nis the sample size and ε> 0 is arbitrarily small.     

Priming the sexual system: Implicit versus explicit activation

We investigated implicit versus explicit activation of the sexual system using a priming paradigm in which sexual slides were preceded by either sexual or neutral primes. In the first experiment, primes were made inaccessible to conscious cognitive elaboration. Identification of sexual targets was facilitated by sexual primes, indicating that sexual representations in memory can be activated automatically. In the second experiment, in which primes were presented at a conscious level, identification of sexual targets was decelerated by sexual primes. Primes elicited subjective sexual arousal in Experiment 2 only, demonstrating that the activation of subjective experience requires conscious cognitive elaboration. With the addition of a sexually specific physiological measure, to be constructed to measure initial genital responses, this paradigm may help elucidate activational mechanisms of sexual response.     

Youth Program Quality Survey: Youth Assessment of Program Quality

The Youth Program Quality survey, a 24-item survey of youth participant perceptions of program quality, based on program elements identified by the National Research Council (NRC) and Institute of Medicine, was developed and piloted with 614 younger teens (ages 10–13 years) and 486 older teens (ages 14–17 years) who attended 4-H camps and conferences. Evidence is presented for content and construct validity. In addition, the overall instrument demonstrated high reliability, as measured by Cronbach's alpha, generally ranging from .70 to .96, and moderate subscale reliability of .60 or higher on four factors in the younger sample (α=.60 or higher on four factors in the older sample). Results are discussed in terms of goodness of fit to the National Research Council model, the significance of youth voice in assessment of program quality, developmental differences in perceptions of quality, and programming design. Recommendations are offered for practice, research, and policy.     

The Effect of the Minimum Wage on Covered Teenage Employment

Unlike previous studies on the minimum wage, which focused on its effect on total teenage employment, we examine its effect on covered employment. A covered job was defined to be one paying the minimum wage or more. Using contemporary wages to classify workers this way may inflate the estimated effect of minimum wages on covered employment. To avoid this bias, covered jobs are identified using a logit procedure run over years in which the minimum age was not increased. We find that minimum wages reduced covered employment significantly more than total employment. We also show that covered employment may be overstated in the period following an increase in the minimum wage.