Worlds come apart: Systems theory versus critical theory. Drama in the history of sociology in the twentieth century

This article places an episode in the history of sociological theory into intellectual history in the twentieth century. The perspective is chronological as well as contextual. The themes are two theoretical approaches, both embedded in both American and German history, Parsonian Systems Theory and “Frankfurt School” Critical Theory. The chronology shown spanned mainly from the 1940s to the 1960s. The context of the two theories is a period that is crucial in twentieth century history. The protagonists of the two approaches were, in the 1940s, Americans and Germans exiled in the United States. In the 1950s, both approaches were affected by McCarthyism in different ways. The 1960s, however, were the culmination. The dynamics of the two approaches led into a schism which came into the open on the occasion of the 1964 German Sociology Conference in Heidelberg celebrating Max Weber. The article shows the stages in the evolution of the schism, emulating three acts in a drama. The final split was over whether Weber or Marx should be the classic whose oeuvre was to influence sociological thinking today. My aim is to exemplify how these two authoritative approaches in sociological theory, far from escaping the vagaries and vicissitudes of their times, were embedded in twentieth-century history.     

Partial strikes under the railway labor act: The need for a doctrine of unprotected concerted activity

In light of use by airline unions of partial-strike tactics, such as concerted refusals to bid for overtime work and so-called ” CHAOS” tactics involving unannounced refusals to fly after passengers have been ticketed and are ready to board, the authors examine whether the Railway Labor Act (RLA) should be interpreted to permit employers to discipline employees for engaging in such tactics, or whether these are a protected form of economic pressure. Although in many respects bargaining duties and economic weapons under the RLA are read consonant with precedents under the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) (which governs all industries other than rail and air transport), there are a few decisions suggesting that during the period when self-help may be resorted to, employees can engage in partial strike activities as long as they violate no court order but are subject to permanent replacement in limited circumstances. These decisions, the authors submit, fail to take account of Supreme Court decsions since the 1930s that some economic pressures by unions, such as slowdowns and sitins, may not violate the labor laws but nor are they protected by those laws so as to immunize partial strikers from employer discipline. These decisions are not based on unique features of the NLRA. Rather, they give recognition to the background assumptions of Congress that employers may act to protect their property interests as long as they do not run afoul of NLRA or RLA protections and that employees who engage in partial-strike activities are subject to employer discipline even where not strictly necessary to maintain operations. Moreover, these tactics skew the bargaining process by giving employees an essentially risk-free gambit to pressure their economic position through planned disruption of carrier operations. Professor Estreicher is also labor and employment counsel to O’Melveny & Myers, LLP. The views expressed herein are the authors’ and should not be attributed to any organization. Hannah Breshin and Tom Jerman of O’Melveny & Myers, assisted the authors with this article. We also thank Professor Herbert Northrup for his helpful comments.     

对开拓中医药成人高等教育潜在市场的思考

我国的成人高等教育 ,在实现从计划经济到市场经济转变后 ,出现了前所未有的竞争场面。作为行业性很强的中医药成人高等教育 ,要想生存和进一步发展 ,必须在积极参加市场竞争的同时 ,根据自身的优势和特点 ,从社会发展的高度 ,大力开拓潜在市场 ,努力寻找中医药成人高等教育的发展空间     

从英语修辞格谈英语习语译为汉语成语

在英汉翻译中,部分英语习语可译为汉语成语。英语习语和汉语成语既是英语和汉语中重要的修辞手段,同时其本身也是各种修辞手段的集中体现。本文从英语修辞格中音韵格和意象修辞格的角度对可译为汉语成语的英语习语作了部分归纳。在音韵格中,本文从头韵、重复和韵脚三方面予以小结。在意象修辞格中,着重从明喻、借代、讽喻和拟人的角度进行分析。本文旨在探讨汉语成语在翻译一些英语习语中的恰当运用。同时也指出不能滥用汉语成语。     

近代中国农业现代化滞后原因初探

在近现代经济结构的现代化转型过程中 ,农业较之工业显得缓慢和滞后。这其中固然有中国固有的农业基础薄弱、战争破坏以及世界经济危机等多种因素的影响 ,但本文力求抛开这些表面上的因素 ,试从政府决策、市场结构、农业传统文化这三方面对近代中国农业现代化滞后原因加以探求。     

积极财政政策与扩大高等教育供给

长期以来 ,我国高等教育存在的最突出、最根本的问题是投入问题。无论是宏观背景从计划体制到市场化改革 ,还是从控制规模的精英教育到连续扩招的大众化推进 ,包括高校收费制度改革 ,我国高等教育投入和经费困扰的基本状况没有重大改变 ,这种现象长期化存在本身 ,表明高等教育的投入严重不足问题 ,不应仅仅归结为“财政压力”和认识问题。客观上 ,这种机制障碍 ,已经成为一种制度性约束。作者在我国已经连续五年实施积极财政政策的背景下 ,从改善和扩大供给的角度 ,探讨在根本解决高等教育投入不足的公共财政体制性改革之前 ,运用作为非正式制度变迁手段的财政政策 ,面对加入WTO后的高等教育国际竞争挑战 ,利用国债资金 ,调整支出结构 ,阶段性、分层次、集中加大对高等教育的公共财政投入 ,全方位改善高等教育的长期供给 ,拉动消费需求 ,促进经济增长     

经络黑箱方法研究及意义

经络的特异实质结构至今尚未探明 ,但已初步研究掌握了经络现象的规律性。古代和现代对于经络的研究常有黑箱方法的一些最基本特征。现代系统科学的黑箱方法 ,不是直接考察经络的内部结构 ,而是利用外部观察和试验来考察经络系统的输入输出及其动态过程 ,研究经络的功能和特性 ,探索其结构和机理的科学方法。现代经络黑箱方法的研究 ,也为经络诊断和治疗提高了精确性和有效性 ,并为经络的实质结构研究奠定理论和技术基础     

论党的第三代领导集体对邓小平理论的坚持和发展

以江泽民同志为核心的第三代领导集体 ,紧紧抓住建设有中国特色社会主义的“一整套发展战略” ,将“正在做”的建设有中国特色社会主义的新的实践经验系统地总结为战略指导思想 ,再升华为理论观点 ,这是党的第三代领导集体坚持和发展邓小平理论的一个重点 ,也是其一大特点 ;在社会主义历史阶段 ,党指导社会主义现代化建设和改革开放的发展战略 ,是“三个代表”的集中体现     

Netzwerken: Reflexionen und Erfahrungen am Beispiel eines TrainerInnen und BeraterInnen-Netzwerkes

How are social networks organized and how much structure and openess do they have? The ambiguity of networking and the grade of organization are discussed and described theoretically and with an authentic example.     

基于定货合同的供应商柔性分析和选择模型

供应链及供应链管理是目前国内外学术界和工商企业管理者共同关心的课题,他们提出了众多分析方法和分析模型,但由于计算复杂,在实际操作中运用较少。实际上,在供应链业务流程中,供应合同是最关键的法律文件,合同信息分析能很好地减少不确定性,降低风险。因此,供应商和购货商选择模型应包括以下参数:单位供应价格、定货周期、最小定货提前期、每个周期最小定货量、临时配送补偿系数、定货量小于最小定货量补偿系数。