北京话的轻音和语法化

北京话是汉语发展变化最快的方言。北京话在语法化的过程中,轻音(包括轻声和语句轻音)是极为重要的形式标志和变化动因。本文就北京话轻音和语法化相关的问题作一些探讨,指出北京话构词后缀的产生、虚词的虚化都与轻音有着密切的关系。     

The effects of the age and structure of population on family change]

The age structure of a population is one basic factor of population research. It is not only affected by birth, death, immigration, and marriage, but it also reflected in changes of family size. The article analyzed it from two aspects: (1) the age structure of population acts on the size and structure of the family. The younger the age structure, the larger the family size. Otherwise, it is the opposite. According to the 1982 census, 35.4% of the population was 0-14 years in rural areas, and average family size was 4.6; but in urban areas 26.0% of the population was 0-14 years and family size was 3.9. The family was characterized as a nuclear family as industrialization in economic development increased and the population aged. In the 1982 census, 64.7% were nuclear family and 6% were aging population in China. Three- generation families (or more) have decreased dramatically. The change of family size and structure is affected by change of internal family age structure. The younger population (0-14 years) is dependent and 90% live with their parents. The adult population (15-59) years are more affected by marriage, birth and social economic action. Families are established in this age period and give much more effect to fertility. The aging population (over 60) years is facing changes. They appear to be a "Defect" family because the wife or husband has passed away. They change from independent to dependent. 78.3% population over 60 years were dependent on children or social welfare, only 21.7% were independent according to the survey in Beijing Changping County.     

Analyses and discussions of data from China's 1982 census--a report on the International Seminar on China's 1982 Census

This is a report from an international seminar held in Beijing, China, devoted to the results of the 1982 census of China. The report includes a synopsis of the discussions on topics such as the sex ratio, age distribution, fertility, mortality, labor force, and household size and family structure.     

Inefficiency of strategy-proof allocation mechanisms in pure exchange economies

In this paper I prove that in the standard model of 2×n (n2) pure exchange economies there is no allocation mechanism that is efficient, non-inversely-dictatorial, and strategy-proof. This strengthens two previous results on this subject by Hurwicz and by Dasgupta, Hammond, and Maskin.I thank Alvin Klevorick, William Thomson, and an anonymous referee of the journal for many helpful comments.     

甘肃省藏族学龄女童失、辍学现象的原因分析及对策建议

甘肃藏族地区学龄女童辍学、流失现象比较严重,本文通过对甘南藏族自治州三县18个藏族聚居区村庄的实地走访调研,在充分掌握藏族地区女童教育实际的基础上,针对女童教育中存在的问题探求发生问题的原因,并提出了相应的对策建议。     

中国共产党对社会主义本质理论的探索

社会主义本质是什么?马克思、恩格斯在创立科学社会主义理论的过程中,主要从与资本主义相比较的角度来揭示未来共产主义的一般特征。中国共产党对社会主义本质理论进行了艰辛探索,深刻回答了什么是社会主义这个根本问题,丰富和发展了社会主义本质理论。     

美国政府支持创业与风险投资模式及其借鉴

风险投资在其发展过程中,由于政治、经济、法律、文化的差异,而在各国呈现出不同的状况和特征。本文分析了美国以小企业管理局为核心的支持创业与风险投资模式,并结合我国实际,以期得到一些启示与借鉴。     

试析犹太恐怖主义的发展、演变——从"抵抗型恐怖主义"到"定点清除"

历史上犹太恐怖主义是特定时代背景下的产物,其与犹太极端民族主义和宗教极端主义密切关联,并以极端的方式表现出来。近代以来,犹太恐怖主义经历了不断强化的三个阶段:以色列建国前"以暴制暴"的"抵抗型恐怖主义";建国后,犹太恐怖主义开始步入"国家化"轨道;2000年巴以冲突爆发以来,"以恐反恐"的"定点清除"不断强化。"定点清除"作为以色列安全政策正式出台表明,以色列业已实现将"以恐反恐"的措施与国家安全战略的有机结合。尽管犹太人恐怖活动的不断升级与巴勒斯坦局势的变化和以色列所处的安全困境有关,但以色列"以恐反恐"的"定点清除"对中东和平进程所造成的创伤是难以愈合的。     

债权治理与盈余质量:来自中国证券市场的经验证据

以2007-2008年非金融类上市公司为样本,研究了债权治理与盈余质量之间的关系,得到以下研究结论:资产负债率与盈余质量显著负相关,短期资产负债率与盈余质量显著负相关,长期资产负债率与盈余质量呈现出不显著的正相关关系。进一步研究后发现,短期债务融资是引发盈余质量恶化的主要原因,而长期债务融资虽然一定程度上改善了上市公司的盈余质量,但这种效果总的来说并不显著。此外,最终控制人的国有性质加剧了债务契约引发的盈余管理动机,恶化了盈余质量。