Individual learning as a driver of changes in community vulnerability under repeated hurricanes and changing climate

The risks from singular natural hazards such as a hurricane have been extensively investigated in the literature. However, little is understood about how individual and collective responses to repeated hazards change communities and impact their preparation for future events. Individual mitigation actions may drive how a community's resilience evolves under repeated hazards. In this paper, we investigate the effect that learning by homeowners can have on household mitigation decisions and on how this influences a region's vulnerability to natural hazards over time, using hurricanes along the east coast of the United States as our case study. To do this, we build an agent-based model (ABM) to simulate homeowners’ adaptation to repeated hurricanes and how this affects the vulnerability of the regional housing stock. Through a case study, we explore how different initial beliefs about the hurricane hazard and how the memory of recent hurricanes could change a community's vulnerability both under current and potential future hurricane scenarios under climate change. In some future hurricane environments, different initial beliefs can result in large differences in the region's long-term vulnerability to hurricanes. We find that when some homeowners mitigate soon after a hurricane—when their memory of the event is the strongest—it can help to substantially decrease the vulnerability of a community.     

DSD酸新工艺研究(Ⅰ)——4,4'-二氨基二苯乙烯-2,2'-二磺酸合成

采用５０％ 发烟硫酸磺化对硝基甲苯，生成２－甲基－５－硝基苯磺酸，在无催化剂的条件下，用次氯酸钠溶液氧化缩合２－甲基－５－硝基苯磺酸，生成４，４′－二硝基二苯乙烯－２，２′－二磺酸，再用盐酸铁粉还原得４，４′－二氨基二苯乙烯－２，２′－二磺酸（简称ＤＳＤ 酸）。