Quantitative microbiological risk assessment of nontyphoidal Salmonella in ground pork in households in Chengdu,China

Foodborne disease caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) is one of the most important food safety issues worldwide. The objectives of this study were to carry out microbial monitoring on the prevalence of NTS in commercial ground pork, investigate consumption patterns, and conduct a quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) that considers cross-contamination to determine the risk caused by consuming ground pork and ready-to-eat food contaminated during food handling in the kitchen in Chengdu, China. The food pathway of ground pork was simplified and assumed to be several units according to the actual situation and our survey data, which were collected from our research or references and substituted into the QMRA model for simulation. The results showed that the prevalence of NTS in ground pork purchased in Chengdu was 69.64% (95% confidence interval [CI], 60.2–78.0), with a mean contamination level of −0.164 log CFU/g. After general cooking, NTS in ground pork could be eliminated (contamination level of zero). The estimated probability of causing salmonellosis per day was 9.43E-06 (95% CI: 8.82E-06–1.00E-05), while the estimated salmonellosis cases per million people per year were 3442 (95% CI: 3218–3666). According to the sensitivity analysis, the occurrence of cross-contamination was the most important factor affecting the probability of salmonellosis. To reduce the risk of salmonellosis caused by NTS through ground pork consumption, reasonable hygiene prevention and control measures should be adopted during food preparation to reduce cross-contamination. This study provides valuable information for household cooking and food safety management in China.     

日本对外经济政策的演变(上)——从日美产业结构调整磋商到东亚共同体构想的提出

20世纪90年代,日本对外经济政策经历了两个方面的模式转变:第一,在贸易摩擦的应对和处理方面,摆脱了以往重视双边磋商和达成妥协的作法,转向通过多边框架以法律途径解决争端的轨道;第二,在贸易与投资自由化的促进方面,从多边主义转向了区域主义和双边主义。本文主要探讨导致这一模式转变的原因、模式转变过程中的促进势力和抵制势力以及抵制势力被克服的政策形成过程、两个模式之间的矛盾与冲突以及模式转变的稳定性等问题,在此基础上分析和展望日本今后的对外经济政策走向。     

山西历史文化品牌建设与创新探讨

山西省实施文化强省的战略,首先要认清山西历史文化现状,并从时代的角度认识晋文化,不断继承晋文化的合理内核,挖掘晋文化启示新时代的新内涵、新精神、新价值,整合山西历史文化资源、培育文化产业和打造文化品牌。深化文化体制改革、建立旅游文化产业中心是山西强省文化产业发展的有效途径。     

Relation between young children's anger and fathers' mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic: Moderating role of gender and child number

The father–child interaction deserves attention during the COVID-19 epidemic. This study administrated the Child Anger Questionnaire and the SCL-90 Symptom Checklist to collect primary data from 1862 fathers of Chinese young children during the COVID-19 outbreak, examined the relation between young children's anger and their fathers' mental health, and verified whether the relation was moderated by the gender or the child number. The results demonstrated that the detection rate of anger among Chinese young children was 60.08%, the scores of SCL-90 factors of their fathers were significantly lower than the Chinese normal adult male norms and those of infant parents, and the anger of young children had a significant effect on their fathers' mental health. Gender and child number moderated this relation. It is of great significance to strengthen the attention to the anger of young children and the mental health of fathers during the period of public health emergencies, and to promote the harmonious interpersonal relationship between young children and their fathers.     

Regional efficacy evaluation in multi-regional clinical trials using a discounting factor weighted Z test

Multi-regional clinical trial (MRCT) is an efficient design to accelerate drug approval globally. Once the global efficacy of test drug is demonstrated, each local regulatory agency is required to prove effectiveness of test drug in their own population. Meanwhile, the ICH E5/E17 guideline recommends using data from other regions to help evaluate regional drug efficacy. However, one of the most challenges is how to manage to bridge data among multiple regions in an MRCT since various intrinsic and extrinsic factors exist among the participating regions. Furthermore, it is critical for a local agency to determine the proportion of information borrowing from other regions given the ethnic differences between target region and non-target regions. To address these issues, we propose a discounting factor weighted Z statistic to adaptively borrow information from non-target regions. In this weighted Z statistic, the weight is derived from a discounting factor in which the discounting factor denotes the proportion of information borrowing from non-target regions. We consider three ways to construct discounting factors based on the degree of congruency between target and non-target regions either using control group data, or treatment group data, or all data. We use the calibrated power prior to construct discounting factor based on scaled Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistic. Comprehensive simulation studies show that our method has desirable operating characteristics. Two examples are used to illustrate the applications of our proposed approach.     

地市党报经营市场化战略研究

地市党报是党和人民的喉舌,随着市场经济体制的建立和文化体制改革的不断推进,正面临着新的发展机遇和挑战。为了使党报更好地发挥舆论导向和宣传阵地的作用,重塑党报的主流地位和形象,通过对党报经营现状的分析,提出地市党报实施经营市场化战略构想。论述了实施地市党报经营市场化战略的现实意义和客观基础,着重指出了党报市场化的竞争策略和方法,从而顺应改革和开放的需要,增强地市党报经营的核心竞争力,达到社会效益和经济效益的统一。     

论儒道互补的三种形态

儒道二家学说是中国本土产生的两种不同价值取向的思想文化,它们共同构成了中国文化的核心内容。儒道文化既互相区别、互相对立,又互相影响、互相补充。儒道互补的形态在理论上表现为儒道融合,在社会政治上表现为儒道并行,在人格修养上表现为儒道双修。这三种形态从不同层面丰富发展了儒道互补的文化内涵。     

中国省际农业生产力成长差异及其结构性因素

近几年,由于政策推动等多方面因素作用,中国农业连续五年实现粮食大幅增产,结构性调整也正逐步推进。但多年来,要素投入而非技术进步是支撑中国农业增长的根本要素这一状况并未得以根本改变。通过测度省际间农业生产力成长水平可见,技术退步是造成近年来中国农业生产力趋于下降的根本原因。另一方面,定量考察影响农业生产力变动的结构性因素时发现,部分旨在提升农业生产力水平的政策,从实际效果来看并未能够达成政策的初衷,有必要做出适当修正。     

论和谐社会法律秩序与伦理秩序的同构

社会主义和谐社会的建构不仅是一种新的制度体制的建构,而且是一种体现在这种制度体制中的新的伦理和法律秩序的建构.法律秩序和伦理秩序蕴含着共同的价值目标,生成于特定的客观经济利益基础,从不同视角并基于不同的作用机理对社会和谐作出自己独特的贡献.构建社会主义和谐社会,必须以法律秩序与伦理秩序价值上的契合为根据,以运行过程中的互动与交汇为方式,通过主导与先导功能的释放实现二者的最佳配置,以确保社会的最优秩序和最高效率.     

平凉户与北魏儒学的复兴

凉州是河西重镇,依山傍河,地理形势险,故历来是兵家必争之地。水草丰茂的地理环境,富饶的物产储备,相对封闭安全的环境,是战乱之际流人理想的避难所。在凉州建置的百余年间,迁徙的流人促进了凉州的开发,也促使了文学的繁荣。北魏太武帝拓跋焘灭掉河西走廊最后一个割据政权北凉后,大批平凉户涌入北魏。这批人大多是饱读经书的儒学之士,他们的到来,促使北魏儒学的复兴。