Local estimation for varying-coefficient models with longitudinal data

Varying-coefficient models are very useful for longitudinal data analysis. In this paper, we focus on varying-coefficient models for longitudinal data. We develop a new estimation procedure using Cholesky decomposition and profile least squares techniques. Asymptotic normality for the proposed estimators of varying-coefficient functions has been established. Monte Carlo simulation studies show excellent finite-sample performance. We illustrate our methods with a real data example.     

Quantitative microbiological risk assessment of nontyphoidal Salmonella in ground pork in households in Chengdu,China

Foodborne disease caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) is one of the most important food safety issues worldwide. The objectives of this study were to carry out microbial monitoring on the prevalence of NTS in commercial ground pork, investigate consumption patterns, and conduct a quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) that considers cross-contamination to determine the risk caused by consuming ground pork and ready-to-eat food contaminated during food handling in the kitchen in Chengdu, China. The food pathway of ground pork was simplified and assumed to be several units according to the actual situation and our survey data, which were collected from our research or references and substituted into the QMRA model for simulation. The results showed that the prevalence of NTS in ground pork purchased in Chengdu was 69.64% (95% confidence interval [CI], 60.2–78.0), with a mean contamination level of −0.164 log CFU/g. After general cooking, NTS in ground pork could be eliminated (contamination level of zero). The estimated probability of causing salmonellosis per day was 9.43E-06 (95% CI: 8.82E-06–1.00E-05), while the estimated salmonellosis cases per million people per year were 3442 (95% CI: 3218–3666). According to the sensitivity analysis, the occurrence of cross-contamination was the most important factor affecting the probability of salmonellosis. To reduce the risk of salmonellosis caused by NTS through ground pork consumption, reasonable hygiene prevention and control measures should be adopted during food preparation to reduce cross-contamination. This study provides valuable information for household cooking and food safety management in China.     

绍兴地区居住建筑节能整体设计探讨

绍兴地处夏热冬冷地区，通过探讨绍兴地区居住建筑节能整体设计遵循的原则，使规划设计为建筑节能提供有利的条件．     

金融与实体经济关系的哲学思考

在金融日益"脱实向虚"的背景下,重拾金融与实体经济的关系问题,从金融本源与归宿的哲学视角,揭示金融来源于实体经济,反作用于实体经济,最终回归实体经济的本质过程。现代金融以其资源本身和资源配置机制的独特功能成为现代经济的核心,但金融发展过度偏离实体经济,将会导致金融危机的严重后果。因此,为实现经济金融持续健康协调发展,必须坚守金融服务实体经济根本原则不动摇。     

学校教育中传承民族文化存在的问题及对策——以北川羌族自治县的学校教育为例

The Qiang are one of the most ancient ethnic groups in China, and their rich cul-ture is an important part of Chinese culture. Bei-chuan Qiang Autonomous County, in Sichuan province, is a unique Qiang Autonomous County in China, which has an exceptional foundation for transmitting Qiang ethnic culture through school education. However, the county’s transmission of Qiang ethnic culture through school education still faces some problems, such as lack of educational investment, poor teacher resources, lack of ethnic cultural inheritors, and students’ lack of ethnic self-confidence. In view of series dilemmas faced by Beichuan Qiang Autonomous County in trans-mitting Qiang ethnic culture through school educa-tion, this article proposes the following suggestions based on our investigations:1 . Increase the investment in school educa-tion In view of the lack of educational investment, we suggest the following measure be adopted: 1 ) increase educational investment from various levels of the government, especially increasing special in-vestment in transmitting Qiang ethnic culture through school education;2 ) raise funds from the public;3 ) have the schools engage in their own fundraising, and 5 ) make efforts to get foreign aid. 2 . Strengthen the investment in improving teacher resources In view of the problem of poor teacher re-sources, we suggest the following measures: 1 ) strengthen policy support from the national level, and solve the problem of poor teacher resources through training teachers in universities for nation-alities. 2 ) invite Qiang cultural inheritors to be teachers; 3 ) strengthen the technical training of the school teachers, and improve the teachers’ skills;4) add more teacher positions, and improve the treatment of teachers;5 ) encourage teachers to devote their life to the education and inheritance of Qiang culture. 3 . To promote the motivation for studying eth-nic culture In view of the students’ lack of motivation for studying ethnic culture, and the lack of people who go on to inherit the ethnic cultural heritage, we suggest the following: 1 ) Beichuan Autonomous County should help the young Qiang people to be locally employed through developing ethnic econo-mies, and to inherit ethnic culture via developing tourism with ethnic characteristics. 2) Family edu-cation should be closely connected with school edu-cation;3 ) to include an exam on Qiang ethic cul-ture in school entrance examinations in order to re-flect the importance of ethnic culture study;4 ) to add some ethnic culture courses in schools for na-tionalities. 4 . To strengthen the ethnic pride and confi-dence of Qiang students In view of the issue of Qiang students’ lack of ethnic confidence and pride, we suggest the follow-ing:1 ) open Qiang language courses in schools in Qiang areas; 2 ) enlarge the usage range of the Qiang language; 3 ) help students to understand the charm of Qiang culture, and let them feel eth-nic pride. 5 . To standardize and promote a common Qiang language In view of the issue that Qiang have no written language, their spoken language is too complicat-ed, and there are too many dialects, we suggest that the National Languages and Scripts Work Committee should work with Qiang scholars and ex-perts to create a basic dialect of the Qiang-a com-mon Qiang language, which should be promoted in school education, just like mandarin Chinese in school education.     

乡村空间的有效衔接——民族地区脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴有效衔接的路径

村落作为乡村振兴的基本空间单元,直接关系着脱贫攻坚的巩固和拓展。随着城镇化的快速推进,民族地区出现了村落萎缩、组织体系崩溃、价值体系扭曲、内生动力与脱贫稳定性不足等问题。脱贫攻坚具有的乡村空间内涵以及与乡村空间的潜在关系问题日益凸显。基于空间研究视角解构乡村振兴战略下民族地区脱贫攻坚面临的问题,有利于改善和提升脱贫攻坚效能。以提升内生动力为中心和多层协同自主治理是新时期脱贫攻坚与乡村空间关系优化的基本路径。乡村振兴的实现应基于乡村空间整体的综合考虑与整合推进,建立包括家庭、学校、社区内公共机构等参与的乡村振兴学习共同体,促进乡村空间多功能协同转型,显示出脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴有效衔接路径之全新的空间维度。     

浅谈PASCAL主程序与子程序之间的数据传送

在PASCAL语言中,主程序在调用子程序时,主程序和子程序之间有数据传递关系。在数据传递过程中,数据传递方向有数据从主程序传递到子程序和数据从子程序传递到主程序两种形式的数据流。数据传递的实现是依靠参数来完成的,并且两种数据流对应两种不同的参数——数值参数和变量参数。本文试图通过对这两种参数的讨论来了解PASCAL中主程序与子程序之间的数据传递方式。