成功

两种人永远不会进步———只做别人要求的事情,及不做别人要求的事情。金钱不能使人成功,却能给人好名声。对于别人进步的表现吝于赞美的人,永远不会成功。帮助别人进步是提升自己最可靠的方式。不要急于一步登天,否则登顶之后你就只能往下走。成功的领导者果断地做出决定,在必须改变时,亦能从容改变。大多数成功的人在４０岁之后才步入顶峰。每个人都能忍受贫穷,却很少有人能忍受成功和财富。设法提高产能,随之而来的是更大的收入。对于喜欢做和必须做的工作一样努力的人,将无往而不胜。贬低别人以图成就自己的人,即使如愿也不能长久。努力…     

中职学校一体化教学与职业技能的培养

依据中职学生的特点,探索实践理实一体化教学活动,构建一体化教学体系的方法,通过一体化教学活动培养学生的职业技能,激发学生的学习兴趣和热情,使其掌握一技之长,为就业做好准备。     

Gambling Among Prison Inmates: Patterns and Implications

There is an absence of research on gambling among prison inmates during their incarceration. Little is known about how prisoners organize gambling activities or the potential risks they face from gambling. Similarly, no empirical attention has been given to how correctional institutions respond to inmate gambling. This study employed interviews with 55 male prisoners and self-administered surveys with 159 correctional officers and staff, at two medium security prisons in Ohio. Data were gathered on prevalence and patterns of inmate gambling, perceived hazards of gambling, and perceived institutional responses to prisoner gambling. Findings suggest that inmate gambling is common and constitutes an important feature of the underground economy of prisons, yet little is done to deter or prevent this activity. Suggestions are made for more effective institutional responses.     

Can We Perceive Near Miss? An Empirical Study

Near misses are a special kind of reinforcement which increases one’s desire to play. The aim of this paper is to examine the perception of near misses in normal population. We used a slot machine simulation running on a PC, where participants had to play four rounds with different near miss ratios (0, 15, 30 and 45%). Our sample consisted of 159 individuals with mean age of 22.8 and with no or little gambling experience. For data analysis we used chi-squared goodness-of-fit test and exact binomial test. Despite the fact, that there was a notable effect of near misses results showed that the subjects could not perceive trials of them.     

Information Seeking about Global Climate Change among Adolescents: The Role of Risk Perceptions, Efficacy Beliefs and Parental Influences

Global climate change is likely to have significant impacts on public health. Effective communication is critical to informing public decision making and behavior to mitigate climate change. An effective method of audience segmentation, the risk perception attitude (RPA) framework has been previously tested with other health behaviors and classifies people into 4 groups on the basis of their perceptions of risk and beliefs about personal efficacy. The 4 groups - indifference (low risk, weak efficacy), proactive (low risk, strong efficacy), avoidance (high risk, weak efficacy), and responsive (high risk, strong efficacy) - are hypothesized to differ in their self-protective behaviors and in their motivations to seek information. In this paper, we extend the RPA framework in two ways. First, we use it at the household level to determine whether parental classifications into the 4 groups are associated with their teenage children's classification into the same 4 groups. Second, we predict adolescent information-seeking behaviors on the basis of their and their parents' membership in the 4 RPA groups. Results (N = 523 parent-adolescent pairs) indicated that parental membership in the 4 RPA groups was significantly associated with children's membership in the same 4 groups. Furthermore, the RPA framework was a significant predictor of adolescent information-seeking: those in the responsive and avoidance groups sought more information on climate change than the indifference group. Family communication on global warming was positively associated with adolescents' information-seeking. Implications for interventions are discussed.     

Impact of physical activity on activity of daily living in moderate to severe dementia: a critical review

The objectives of this study were to describe the different modalities of physical activity programs designed for moderate to severe dementia and to identify their impact on functional independence in activities of daily living (ADL). A critical review of randomized controlled trials related to the impact of physical activity programs in moderately to severely demented persons on ADL performance and meta-analysis of the identified studies were performed. Among the 303 identified articles, five responded to the selection criteria. Four out of the five studies demonstrated limited methodological quality. In one high-quality study, physical activity programs significantly delayed deterioration of ADL performance. The program components and ADL assessment tools vary widely across studies. Although the proposed treatments have not proven their efficiency in improving the ADL status of the patients, they were able to limit the decline in ADL functioning. Future research is warranted in order to identify clinically relevant modalities for physical activity programs for people with moderate to severe dementia.     

美国道德教育危机的教训

sthesiawithisobarictetracaine .RegionalAnesthe sia ,1995 ;2 0 ( 1) :45当机体组织遭受损伤后 (暂时或永久 ) ,伴发的一种不愉快的感觉和情绪感受 ,即为“疼痛”〔国际疼痛研究学会(ＩＡＳＰ)定义〕。疼痛如同其它感受 (如饥饿、恐惧、嫉妒、兴奋等 )一样 ,是一种复杂的生理和心理过程 ,是人体的主观感觉 ,完全建立在情绪感受上 ,缺乏客观衡量指标。人类的疼痛阈值 (痛阈 )各异 ,影响疼痛程度的因素也较多 ,各人对疼痛的反映和表现也各不相同 ,同样表现在分娩疼痛 (简称“产痛”)也是如此。医生对病人诉说的疼痛 ,应尽量客观判断其起因…     

国际生产网络与中欧的企业转型

中欧企业正处于从计划经济到市场经济的转型期。从理论上讲 ,市场经济能够提高企业间的分配效率。但在实际的转型过程中 ,企业不仅不能打入西欧市场 ,而且企业间在彼此的商业往来过程中 ,缺乏有效的合作。究其原因就在于 ,市场经济中企业间的关系十分复杂 ,即在这种条件下 ,几乎没有纯粹意义上的竞争。市场一方面依仗于价格体系的管理 ,另一方面也要以长期的相互关系为基础 ,即关系网络。因此从这个意义上说 ,建立一个新的、与市场相协调的关系网络 ,是微型经济转型中的核心因素。那么 ,国际商业关系网是如何发展的呢 ?例如 ,中欧汽车业的零…     

政策分析机构的三大神话——回收箱、垃圾桶还是智库?

智库已经成为一个随处可见——被泛滥使用却缺乏明确定义——的政治学词汇。它充斥于学术界的公共政策讨论以及记者、说客和舆论引导者中那些政策专家(policy wonk)的话语里。这并不意味着人们对智库的定义及其角色和功能有了一致的看法。不过,大多数被赋予智库名目的机构都从事着某种政策研究。把智库视为研究与传播间桥梁的观点意味着(社会)科学与政策之间有着明显的边界。本文将探讨它们的一些边界。边界不仅是组织上和法律上的,这些机构和它们的资助方在如何构想公共利益方面的差异也造成了边界。此外,发挥桥接(bridging)功能的社会互动与交流,让边界(boundary)的概念变得模糊,使我们可以超越那种强行在科研与政府之间作出泾渭分明的二元判分的观念而进行分析,从而更好地处理专家与公共政策之间的复杂关系。     

你能提高孩子的智商

仔细考虑下列情景:作为9岁和5岁孩子的父母,你认为你已经尽了自己最大努力来帮助孩子开发智力。当他们还是婴儿,你就开始读书给他们听,给他们买教育性玩具,带他们去图书馆。现在他们在学校里表现不错,你是否可以因此而居功?但是据一些科学家的观点,即使没有你的积极努力,你的孩子可能做得一样好。 例如,亚利桑那大学的罗(D.C.Rowe)在他的《家庭影响的限度》一书中认为,父母亲的作风对孩子的智力没有影响。默里(C.Murray)和已故的赫恩施泰因(R.Herrnstein)在《正态曲线》一书中认为,智力主要是遗传的并因种族的不同而不同。这本书引起了一场争论,随后,《华尔街日报》公布了一则由52名研究人员签名的声明,认为研究“表明在产生智商差异方面,遗传所起的作用比环境因素更大。” 若干年前,许多父母被告知激发孩子的智力是