理论与实践相结合的系统研究——评苏尤格的《蒙古诗歌学》

文论研究通常从审美主体与审美客体的关系出发,寻找其研究对象,作家、作品、诸者与现实社会之间的关系是其主要的研究内容.     

联合国改革努力的历史发展

联合国改革长期以来是国际社会关注的焦点,为了理解这一进程的未来走向,有必要清醒地认识它所经历的历史发展.联合国改革涉及组织结构、管理程序以及宪制安排三个方面,涵盖国际安全以及经济和社会问题两个主要领域,反映出各国在这些问题上的不同立场和观点.联合国改革努力的不同规划表明,在这些领域取得实质性突破仍然困难重重.     

哈拉浩特出土绘画作品中的历史人物——事实与假说

哈拉浩特出土的艺术作品展示了唐古特艺术中以佛教为主的艺术特色,在一些作品中,现实中的统治者或是被描绘成佛陀的模样,或是作为供养人,与佛陀置于同一场景中。这些圣像或是展示了统治者神圣化的形象,或是反映了唐古特王国历史上的重要事件。     

昌盛不衰的哈萨克妇女刺绣文化

在新疆的土地上,有着这样一个民族,其在独特的地理条件下孕育出了璀璨的民间艺术工艺文化,那就是哈萨克的刺绣工艺。它细腻完整、和谐绚丽、复杂而又精致,它将自己民族的种种图腾与源于生活自然的美相结合,形成其独特的艺术文化。通过哈萨克族女人手中的一针一线代代传承,让这一朵艺术奇葩至今仍然盛开在艺术领域。本文从哈萨克刺绣的地理条件、特殊的针法、色彩搭配等几个方面分析哈萨克刺绣工艺。     

Application of an adaptive design to a randomized phase II selection trial in gastric cancer: a report of the study design

Randomized phase II selection trials seek to provide unbiased comparisons for the selection of the most promising treatment arm for evaluation in a future phase III trial. In this paper, we present an application of an adaptive design to a randomized phase II selection trial comparing three experimental treatments with a control arm in patients with advanced gastric cancer. The trial design continuously monitors multiple patient outcomes to protect future patients from treatments with unacceptably high toxicity and/or unacceptably low efficacy. We use a Bayesian approach to monitor the trial and carry out simulations to investigate operating characteristics of the trial design. The simulation study also evaluates the sensitivity of the design to the prior distribution by considering two alternative priors.     

Identifying the most successful dose (MSD) in dose-finding studies in cancer

For a dose finding study in cancer, the most successful dose (MSD), among a group of available doses, is that dose at which the overall success rate is the highest. This rate is the product of the rate of seeing non-toxicities together with the rate of tumor response. A successful dose finding trial in this context is one where we manage to identify the MSD in an efficient manner. In practice we may also need to consider algorithms for identifying the MSD which can incorporate certain restrictions, the most common restriction maintaining the estimated toxicity rate alone below some maximum rate. In this case the MSD may correspond to a different level than that for the unconstrained MSD and, in providing a final recommendation, it is important to underline that it is subject to the given constraint. We work with the approach described in O'Quigley et al. [Biometrics 2001; 57(4):1018-1029]. The focus of that work was dose finding in HIV where both information on toxicity and efficacy were almost immediately available. Recent cancer studies are beginning to fall under this same heading where, as before, toxicity can be quickly evaluated and, in addition, we can rely on biological markers or other measures of tumor response. Mindful of the particular context of cancer, our purpose here is to consider the methodology developed by O'Quigley et al. and its practical implementation. We also carry out a study on the doubly under-parameterized model, developed by O'Quigley et al. but not     

Activism among older women in Quebec, Canada: changing the world after age 65

The aim of this article is to examine senior women's involvement experience in Quebec, Canada. Study results are based on a qualitative methodology, and shed light on family history and continuity in the involvement trajectory, diversity in terms of group type and involvement practices, and gender differences in involvement. The meaning that older women attribute to their involvement is also addressed, including attitudes toward feminism. The discussion highlights the extent to which older women's involvement has been marked by their life trajectories, above and beyond their age. In sum, their involvement in the private and public spheres is quite impressive.     

Life with and without heart disease among women and men over 50

This article uses a demographic approach and data from the Health and Retirement Survey, a nationally representative sample of the U.S. population, to investigate sex differences in the length of life lived with heart disease and after a heart attack for persons in the United States age 50 and older. On average, women live longer than men with heart disease. At age 50 women can expect to live 7.9 years and men 6.7 years with heart disease. The average woman experiences heart disease onset three years older and heart attacks 4.4 years older than men.     

Comparing two survey methods for estimating maternal and perinatal mortality in rural Cambodia

PURPOSE: We need solid estimates of maternal mortality rates (MMR) to monitor the impact of maternal care programs. Cambodian health authorities and WHO report the MMR in Cambodia at 450 per 100,000 live births. The figure is drawn from surveys where information is obtained by interviewing respondents about the survival of all their adult sisters (sisterhood method). The estimate is statistically imprecise, 95% confidence intervals ranging from 260 to 620/100,000. The MMR estimate is also uncertain due to under-reporting; where 80-90% of women deliver at home maternal fatalities may go undetected especially where mortality is highest, in remote rural areas. The aim of this study was to attain more reliable MMR estimates by using survey methods other than the sisterhood method prior to an intervention targeting obstetric rural emergencies. PROCEDURES: The study was carried out in rural Northwestern Cambodia where access to health services is poor and poverty, endemic diseases, and land mines are endemic. Two survey methods were applied in two separate sectors: a community-based survey gathering data from public sources and a household survey gathering data direct from primary sources. FINDINGS: There was no statistically significant difference between the two survey results for maternal deaths, both types of survey reported mortality rates around the public figure. The household survey reported a significantly higher perinatal mortality rate as compared to the community-based survey, 8.6% versus 5.0%. Also the household survey gave qualitative data important for a better understanding of the many problems faced by mothers giving birth in the remote villages. There are detection failures in both surveys; the failure rate may be as high as 30-40%. PRINCIPLE CONCLUSION: Both survey methods are inaccurate, therefore inappropriate for evaluation of short-term changes of mortality rates. Surveys based on primary informants yield qualitative information about mothers' hardships important for the design of future maternal care interventions.     

鄂尔浑--叶尼塞碑铭文献古俗寻绎

本文从腾格里崇拜、圣山崇拜与力崇拜这几方面人手,从文化层面民俗学角度对鄂尔浑突厥汗国以《阙特勤碑》为代表的几个重要碑铭作了初步文化分析与探究,以期追寻突厥语族民族古代文化、思维观念、认识观念与礼仪习俗的某些特质以及若干典型形态.