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101.
102.
Some researchers have attributed deviations from selfish behavior to fairness. Violations of fairness theories, however, are observed in experimental dictator games with transfer rates greater than 1
(a transfer of x from the dictator yields an income of tx for the beneficiary, where x < tx): the dictator’s final income is less than the beneficiary’s. We theoretically propose that dictator giving also involves altruism, further supporting our claim with empirical evidence from four separate samples of dictator game experiments. Our nonlinear
specification allows the relative measurement of the independent motives in dictator behavior. 相似文献
103.
Michael J. MacKenzie Jonathan B. Kotch Lee-Ching Lee Astraea Augsberger Nathan Hutto 《Children and youth services review》2011,33(11):2392-2398
The current analysis was designed to critically examine the tendency to focus on child maltreatment as a unique risk factor and test the resulting assumption of a direct causal relationship between early maltreatment and later behavioral problems. The variation seen in behavioral outcomes among children reported for maltreatment early in life led us to hypothesize that the cumulative level of risk facing children and their families can, at least in part, account for that variation in outcome. Participants were 242 mothers of predominantly at-risk newborn infants who were interviewed shortly after giving birth. The State Central Registry of Maltreatment was then reviewed over each child's first four years of life to assess for early maltreatment. Following the neonatal interviews, mothers completed the Child Behavior Checklist when their children were 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 years-of-age. Although early maltreatment report does appear to be important to early child functioning, the cumulative level of risk more strongly predicts long-term clinical behavioral difficulty. High-risk children who were not reported for maltreatment by age 4 demonstrate greater behavioral problem trajectories than did low-risk children with a maltreatment report. Maltreatment itself may be best conceptualized as an important, but not singularly so, risk factor for later behavioral problems. In focusing directly on reported maltreatment, our child protective systems may be paying too little attention to what else is going wrong in the lives of children and targeting intervention efforts in the wrong direction. When it comes to early maltreatment our child protective policy and practice need to broaden their lenses to include greater emphasis on overall family functioning, stress and well-being. Early maltreatment, it seems, may be a symptom of more profound problems in the early environments of our most vulnerable children, rather than the problem itself. 相似文献
104.
This article presents the findings of a case study examining the relationship between social capital and individual participation in collective action on a Caribbean island recovering from devastation inflicted by Hurricanes Ivan and Emily. Using data drawn from 114 residential surveys on the island of Carriacou, Grenada, over the summer of 2006, we empirically test social capital as a predictor of individual participation in both formal and informal civic events. In addition, we further the theoretical development of the concept of social capital by independently testing the relationships between its multiple dimensions, specifically social networks; interpersonal trust; and norms of reciprocity. We find that associational membership and age are the two strongest predictors, while interpersonal trust, gender, and marital status are also significant. Our path analysis reveals that there is not a significant direct effect between associational membership and interpersonal trust, suggesting that the two dimensions may have independent, yet complementary, influences. This study sheds light on factors influencing citizen participation in “civic” forms of collective action in a developing region of the world, while demonstrating the multidimensional nature of social capital. 相似文献
105.
Lewis F. Lester Ph.D. Jonathan H. Leach 《Journal of American college health : J of ACH》2013,61(5):209-213
Abstract Lester and Perez1 have suggested that student behavior can be usefully construed in terms of a traditional-hedonic, implicit value system. They demonstrated that drug use and sexual activity provide simple behavioral anchors for this dimension, and observed an increasingly hedonic orientation among students. Ten years after their initial study, the student population at the same institution was again sampled using an anonymous questionnaire. The 1980 sample included 208 subjects, and these were compared with 688 subjects who responded to the 1970 survey. This comparison was supplemented by an intensive week-long study of 53 students within one campus living unit. Significant increases in pre-college sexual activity were noted for both men and women. Marijuana use in high school also increased for both men and women during this period, while alcohol use increased only among women. Previously observed differences between male and female pre-college sexual activity and marijuana use had largely disappeared by 1980. Significant increases in sexual activity while in college were found for women but not for men. For men, overall marijuana and alcohol use in college did not change during the study period, but there was an increase in the frequent use of these drugs. Increases in all categories of marijuana use were noted among women, along with overall increases in their alcohol use. The significant differences between male and female marijuana use noted in the 1970 study were absent in 1980. The intensive week-long study revealed that alcohol use was part of the daily lives of one-third to two-thirds of the students sampled, although they reported interpersonal conflicts, absences from class, accidents, and injuries among the consequences of their drinking. A significant inverse relationship between sleep and alcohol use was observed among women, but not among men. These data suggest that student behavior has become increasingly hedonic during the past ten years, with women in particular closing the gap which previously differentiated their behavior from that of their male peers. Institutions of higher learning must take these changes into account in the planning of academic programs, residential life, and health services. 相似文献
106.
The most popular approach in extreme value statistics is the modelling of threshold exceedances using the asymptotically motivated generalised Pareto distribution. This approach involves the selection of a high threshold above which the model fits the data well. Sometimes, few observations of a measurement process might be recorded in applications and so selecting a high quantile of the sample as the threshold leads to almost no exceedances. In this paper we propose extensions of the generalised Pareto distribution that incorporate an additional shape parameter while keeping the tail behaviour unaffected. The inclusion of this parameter offers additional structure for the main body of the distribution, improves the stability of the modified scale, tail index and return level estimates to threshold choice and allows a lower threshold to be selected. We illustrate the benefits of the proposed models with a simulation study and two case studies. 相似文献
107.
108.
Jonathan Hyslop 《Journal of historical sociology》1999,12(4):398-421
The white working classes in the pre-First World War British Empire were not composed of 'nationally' discrete entities, but were bound together into an Imperial working class by flows of population which traversed the world. The labour movements based on this imperial working class produced and disseminated a common ideology of White Labourism. In this ideology, the element of the critique of exploitation and the element of racism were inextricably intermingled. The paper seeks to identify a few of the many 'vectors' along which white labourist ideology moved around the world. The paper ends with a discussion of the British labour movement response to the 1914 deportations of South African white labour leaders, which seeks to demonstrate how integral to that movement the conceptions of White Labourism had become. 相似文献
109.
Jonathan Turner 《Symbolic Interaction》2005,28(4):475-485
This is the first article in Symbolic Interaction's symposium in tribute to Tamotsu (Tom) Shibutani (1920–2004). The author, a student in Shibutani's graduate course on social control, discusses his teacher's ideas and their evolution into his own. The article provides ample basis for the author's observation: a scholar's contribution can be measured not only by the cumulative corpus of his or her published work, but also by the influence that this individual has had on the work of others. 相似文献
110.
Clearly, the necessary changes in the law and culture will not come easily or quickly. But, transcending all forms of these
labor market segments is a set of concerns that arguably should spur a search for common ground between labor and management.
The proliferation of automated technologies, together with the continuing impact of foreign competition with cheap labor markets,
has led some to predict that, over the next quarter century, we will witness the elimination of the blue-collar, mass assembly-line
worker from the production process.14
Moreover, the theory that those losing jobs in the manufacturing sector will be generally absorbed into the service sector
is losing currency as it is becoming clear that service jobs are, themselves, not invulnerable either to offshore outsourcing
(e.g., telephone operators, data processors) or to automated technology (e.g., bank tellers, office secretaries).
Nor is it realistic to expect the new “knowledge sector” to absorb more than a fraction of the unemployed and underemployed
casualties of this transformation. As a result, the widening gap between the haves and have nots will only continue to grow.
As the trend accelerates, certain possibilities for a labor-management accommodation emerge. For one thing, although corporations
may be enjoying short-term gains from present wage stagnation, downsizing, outsourcing, and casting off of permanent employees,
the longer term effects include a work force with considerably diminished consumer purchasing power. In some industries, corporations
are already acknowledging the adverse effects of this trend.
Furthermore, as employers are contributing into pension funds on behalf of fewer and fewer “employees,” the forced savings
pool that has for many years constituted a primary financing source of capital investments in our economy, will gradually
be depleted.15
At the same time as employers are coming face to face with the disadvantages of the union-free environment they have so long
sought, employers are also rediscovering the contributions to productivity, quality, and efficiency that can be gained from
a truly empowered work force with an independent voice in the workplace. All of this should lead an enlightened management
to place less currency on resisting unionization and other legitimate forms of independent employee representation, and to
join labor in advocating strong labor standards and effective labor law for all four of the labor market segments that exist
today and will exist tomorrow.
The authors wish to convey their deep appreciation for the invaluable contributions to this paper made by David Silberman
of Bredhoff & Kaiser and Craig Becker, Associate General Counsel, Service Employees International Union. Another version of
this paper was published in Labor Lawyer. 相似文献