Strategic Management of Public Interest Organizations

This paper argues that strategic management of a public interest organization not only needs to be aimed at the interests it represents, but it also has to incorporate the organization's internal workings. The functioning of a public interest organization is seen to suffer from a primary dilemma of membership and influence and a secondary dilemma of representation and control. If these dilemmas are not handled adequately, the public interest organization will suffer from a vicious circle of contradiction and conflict, eventually threatening the organization's long-term viability. A case study is elaborated to empirically underpin this proposition.     

The redistributive effect of public and private social programmes: A cross‐country empirical analysis

A function of many national social protection systems is to substantially redistribute income. However, the size and nature of social protection programmes are changing. In a number of countries there has been a shift from public towards private social protection arrangements, with the latter substituting for, or complementing, public programmes. Developing earlier work, this present article analyses the redistributive impact on income of public versus private social protection programmes. Using recent data from the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development, we find a strong positive relationship between public social expenditures and income redistribution across countries. For private social expenditures, we find a weak, but statistically significant, negative relationship with the level of redistribution. In countries where a larger share of total social expenditure is accorded to private arrangements there is less income redistribution. We conclude that the choice between the relative weight of public and private provision of social protection affects the redistributive impact of the welfare state.     

Four Centuries of Translocal Development in Cities and Regions in Northwest Germany

This paper analyses how the fates of different peripheral localities (Emsland, Gütersloh, and Lippe in Germany) were linked to the outside world in the course of the seventeenth to twentieth centuries. In the first centuries, these localities' translocal relations with the world economy were dominated by relations with the Netherlands. Later the German context became more important for these translocal relations and development. But this paper shows that there are underlying continuities in local developments from the era before the rise of the nation states through to the current era of relative de-nationalisation and globalisation. This paper shows that local development very much depends on the local ability to ‘link up’ with development corridors, sometimes through seasonal labour migration, but also through trade and other relations. Long-term development trajectories also show how local autonomy can obstruct development. Regional development policies and private sector behaviour are also crucial. All these cases show that translocal development is regionally based and embedded in social and political contexts and decisions.

Este artículo analiza cómo los destinos de diferentes localidades periféricas de (Emsland, Gütersloh, y Lippe en Alemania) estaban vinculados al mundo externo durante el curso de los siglos diecisiete al veinte. En los primeros siglos, las relaciones translocales de estas localidades con la economía del mundo, estaban dominadas por las relaciones con los Países Bajos. Luego, el contexto alemán se hizo más importante para estas relaciones y desarrollos translocales. Pero este artículo muestra que hay continuidades subyacentes en los desarrollos locales de la era anterior a los estados de la nación, a través de la era actual de relativa desnacionalización y globalización. Este artículo muestra que el desarrollo local depende mucho de la habilidad local de ‘enlazarse’ con los corredores del desarrollo, a veces a través de la migración laboral, pero también a través del comercio y otras relaciones. Las trayectorias del desarrollo a largo plazo, también muestran cómo la autonomía local puede obstruir al desarrollo. Las políticas del desarrollo y el comportamiento del sector privado también son cruciales. Todos estos casos evidencian que el desarrollo translocal está basado regionalmente e integrado en los contextos y decisiones sociales y políticas.

本文分析从17到20世纪不同命运的边缘地区（德国的Emsland,Gütersloh和Lippe等）是如何被迫接入外部世界的。在这段时期,最初,这些地区与世界经济的跨地方关系主要是与荷兰的关系,后来,它们的跨地方关系和发展则更多地是与德国分不开。 不过,本文的研究表明,从民族国家兴起之前的时代到当前的去民族国家化和全球化, 地方发展方面有着很强的连续性。地方发展与该地与发展走廊之间的“联系”能力密不可分。有时通过季节性的劳力移民,有时则通过贸易和其它关系。长期的发展轨迹也表明,当地的自治是如何阻碍了发展。区域性的发展政策和私人部门的行为也是很重要的。所有这些情况表明,跨地方的发展是立足于本地的和嵌入在社会与政治的情景与决定之中的

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В этом докладе анализируется, как судьбы разных периферийных населенных пунктов (Эмсланд, Гютерсло и Липпе в Германии) были связаны с внешним миром в течение XVII-XX веков. В первых веках транслокальные отношения этих окрестностей с мировой экономикой были во власти Нидерландов. пунктах " с мировой экономике доминировали отношений с Нидерландами. Позже немецкий контекст стал более важным для этих отношений и развития. Но в данной работе показано, что существуют главная преемственность в местных событиях той эпохи до возникновения национальных государств к нынешнему времени относительной денационализации и глобализации. Еще указано, что местное развитие во многом зависит от способности местности “соединяться” с коридорами развития, иногда через сезонную трудовую миграцию, а также через торговые и иные связи. Долгосрочные траектории развития также показывают, как местная автономия может затруднить развитие. Политика регионального развития и поведение частного сектора также крайне важны. Все эти случаи показывают, что транслокальное развитие на местах базируется и включено в социальные и политические контексты и решения.     

Same difference? Exploring the differential mechanisms linking servant leadership and transformational leadership to follower outcomes

This paper aimed to provide insights into the different mediating mechanisms through which servant leadership (SL) and transformational leadership (TFL) affect followers. We also investigated environmental uncertainty as a moderator of the effects of servant leadership and transformational leadership. Based on the results of two experimental studies and one field study, we concluded that both SL and TFL were related to organizational commitment and work engagement; however, the manner in which they exerted their influence differed. SL worked primarily through follower need satisfaction, whereas TFL worked mainly through perceived leadership effectiveness. The moderating influence of uncertainty was inconsistent across the studies.     

Joint models with multiple longitudinal outcomes and a time-to-event outcome: a corrected two-stage approach

Joint models for longitudinal and survival data have gained a lot of attention in recent years, with the development of myriad extensions to the basic model, including those which allow for multivariate longitudinal data, competing risks and recurrent events. Several software packages are now also available for their implementation. Although mathematically straightforward, the inclusion of multiple longitudinal outcomes in the joint model remains computationally difficult due to the large number of random effects required, which hampers the practical application of this extension. We present a novel approach that enables the fitting of such models with more realistic computational times. The idea behind the approach is to split the estimation of the joint model in two steps: estimating a multivariate mixed model for the longitudinal outcomes and then using the output from this model to fit the survival submodel. So-called two-stage approaches have previously been proposed and shown to be biased. Our approach differs from the standard version, in that we additionally propose the application of a correction factor, adjusting the estimates obtained such that they more closely resemble those we would expect to find with the multivariate joint model. This correction is based on importance sampling ideas. Simulation studies show that this corrected two-stage approach works satisfactorily, eliminating the bias while maintaining substantial improvement in computational time, even in more difficult settings.

     

Imaginaries of postponed arrival: on seeing ‘society’ and its ‘immigrants’

This paper discusses a logic of seeing in official assessments of the ‘integration of immigrants’ in West European societies and interprets these as arrival narratives. In postcolonial and diasporic literature, the arrival narrative is not concerned with the actual date of arrival but with the question ‘how much has someone really arrived?’ (Quayson, A. 2013. Postcolonialism and the diasporic imaginary. Lecture series: New directions in literary postcolonial studies. Utrecht University, 7 Oct.). The official, state-initiated monitoring of immigrant integration is based upon measurements of the degree to which the population classified as ‘immigrant’ is ‘integrated’ in a ‘host society’. In literary terms, this can be interpreted as a narrative in which a personage – classified in highly specific, contingent ways, as ‘immigrant’ – is portrayed as being in a mode of arriving but without having arrived and without ever really arriving. The way in which this narrative of postponed arrival is shaped involves a specific way of seeing in the routinized work of quantitatively assessing immigrant integration. With the narratological concept of focalization we analyse a logic of seeing present in the reports and images of immigrant integration monitoring practices in the Netherlands. Moreover, we discuss the workings of a societal gaze, instituted on the basis of particular societal norms reproduced at the ‘place of arrival’, that is, the place imagined as ‘society’. This societal gaze operates as a performative practice distributing a way of seeing, thereby enacting the reproduction of existing power asymmetries between ‘members of society’ and ‘immigrants’. As such, we conclude, the hope for ‘arrival’ constitutes a form of ‘cruel optimism’ (Berlant, L., 2011. Cruel optimism. Durham: Duke University Press).     

Social security contributions: Economic and public finance considerations

Social security contributions make up around a fourth of total tax revenue in OECD countries. However, there are concerns on the economic effects of high levies on labour. Recent studies suggest that at least a third of taxes on labour are shifted onto employers, leading to higher wage costs. We find substantial evidence in the literature that the nature of social security contributions matters. With a clear connection between contributions and rights, the employee will perceive this contribution as a price and not as a tax. As a consequence, these contributions will be less distortive in terms of labour supply, wage costs and private savings.     

Has the redistributive effect of social transfers and taxes changed over time across countries?

In most Member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation Development (OECD), the income gap between rich and poor has widened over the past decades. This article analyses whether and to what extent income taxes and social transfers have contributed to this trend. Has the redistributive impact of different social programmes changed over time? We use microdata from the LIS Cross National Data Center in Luxembourg for the period 1982–2014 and study both the total population and the working‐age population. In contrast to the results of some other studies, especially by the OECD, we do not find that redistribution has declined. Tax‐benefit systems around 2013 are more effective at reducing income inequality compared to the mid‐1980s and the mid‐1990s, especially among the total population. Changes in social programmes are not a driver of greater income inequality across the countries included in this study.