Fertility differences between the family of orientation and the family or procreation in Barbados

Data from an island-wide probability sample of 4119 Barbadian females aged 16-50 were used to study whether there has been an intergenerational fertility decline between the respondents and their mothers. The fertility of the respondents, all from the low or lower middle class, was significantly lower than that of their mothers. However, the size of the family of procreation was seen to be positively related to the size of the family of orientation; i.e., those from large families tended to have large families and vice versa. There was, however, a regression to the mean. There were no differences between women from small and large families as to fertility norms, age at 1st use of contraceptives, or actual practice of contraception. Women from small families did tend to enter sexual relationships and get pregnant at a later age. The women from small families were better educated, earned higher incomes, and had higher status occupations, all factors which might have influenced their fertility. Women from larger families cited higher numbers for both small and large families than did the women from small families. This indicates a perceptual difference which was, in turn, related to fertility differences.     

文与悟：“良知即是易”的意本论解读

王阳明易学思想文本内容不多,目前学界已有论文对文本的运用重复率较高。鉴于有学者指出笔者1998年的论文没有把“良知即是易”加以深入的哲学分析,所以此文从意本论的角度,从“文”（文本）与“悟”（境界）两方面深入研讨“良知”与“易”的关系。本文基于《周易明意》意哲学的角度研讨阳明易学相关材料,力图穿透学界之前对阳明易学的文本诠释,并借助《周易明意》意本论哲学境界来领“悟”阳明易学材料与其心学哲学的内在关系,从而从意本论角度深入剖析和建构阳明心学“良知”与其易学哲学的关系。总之,本文从意本论哲学的角度,围绕文本与境界之间的张力,继承和发展学界之前从体用论角度研讨“良知”与“易”的既有成果,深入分析与阐释阳明“良知”与其易学哲学思想。以此为例,本文试图从“中国哲学”理论的角度推动“中国哲学史”相关问题研究。     

进城务工人员随迁子女亲子关系现状调查研究——基于通辽市KL学校为例

进城务工人员随迁子女教育问题是党和政府高度关心的问题,解决好随迁子女教育问题是促进教育公平的重要环节。本文应用教育人类学田野工作方法,2021年4—12月进入通辽市KL小学,以蒙古族进城务工人员(以下简称“进城务工人员”)随迁子女为研究对象,对他们的亲子关系现状进行深入研究,从美国心理学家布朗芬布伦纳(UBronfenbrenner)的生态系统理论视角对随迁子女亲子关系的困境及成因进行深入剖析,对进城务工人员随迁子女亲子关系问题提出相应的策略。研究结果表明,良好的亲子关系有利于保持和睦的家庭氛围,使其避免生态系统环境造成消极的影响导致对个体产生消极的后果。     

浅议电力装备制造业的自主创新与发展策略

电力装备制造业是我国经济社会发展的重要驱动力,代表着我国综合实力和技术水平。文章首先阐述了我国电力装备制造业发展现状,并对我国电力装备制造业自主创新与战略措施进行了分析。     

Understanding the bear movement in gay male culture: redefining masculinity

The bear movement emerged in the gay male culture of the 1980s, but little research on this group has been conducted. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the meanings and functions of bear identity. Six bear-identified men participated in intensive interviews investigating this question. Results suggest that men who identify as bears consciously adopt a masculine aesthetic that signifies values of self-acceptance and maturity. The participants described the acceptance of diverse body shapes and ages within the bear community as leading to positive self-esteem and body image. Results are discussed in relation to clinical and advocacy work. They broaden the awareness of the diversity of cultures that exist within the gay community.     

The increase in marital status differences in mortality up to the oldest age in seven European countries, 1990-99

We investigate mortality differentials by marital status among older age groups using a database of mortality rates by marital status at ages 40 and over for seven European countries with 1 billion person-years of exposure. The mortality advantage of married people, both men and women, continues to increase up to at least the age group 85-89, the oldest group we are able to consider. We find the largest absolute differences in mortality levels between marital status groups are at high ages, and that absolute differentials are: (i) greater for men than for women; (ii) similar in magnitude across countries; (iii) increase steadily with age; and (iv) are greatest at older age. We also find that the advantage enjoyed by married people increased over the 1990s in almost all cases. We note that results for groups such as older divorced women need to be interpreted with caution.     

Widowhood,family size,and post-reproductive Mortality: a comparative Analysis of three populations in Nineteenth-Century Europe

Researchers from a number of disciplines have offered competing theories about the effects oJ childbearing on parents 'postreproductive longevity. The "disposable soma theory" argues that investments in somatic maintenance increase longevity but reduce childbearing. "Maternal depletion" models suggest that the rigors of childrearing increase mortality in later years. Other researchers consider continued childbearing a sign of healthy aging and a predictor of future longevity. Empirical studies have produced inconsistent and contradictory results. Our focus is on the experience of widowhood, which has been ignored in previous studies. We hypothesize that the death of a spouse is a stressful event with long-term consequences for health, especially for women with small children. Data are drawn from historical sources in Sweden, Belgium, and the Netherlands from 1766 to 1980. Postreproductive mortality was highest among young widows with larger families in all three samples. Age at last birth had little or no effect. We conclude that raising children under adverse circumstances can have long-lasting, harmful effects on a mother's health.     

Older women's fears of violence: the need for interventions that enable active ageing

Women's fear of violence can impact negatively on their active participation in life. An ageing survey conducted with 2,620 Australian respondents aged 50 to 90 years examined aspects of work, learning, social, spiritual and emotional status, health, vision, home, life events, demographics, and asked an open-ended question about what being actively engaged in life meant. Ordinal regression was carried out on two dependent variables: wanting and needing to learn to discourage violence. Analyses found that as women's age increased, those on lower incomes were more likely than others to say they needed to learn how to discourage violence against them. This paper investigates the variables associated with the findings-transport, finances, news media, home safety, and reduced social interactions. Results highlight the importance of understanding women's fear in the context of personal and social issues, and the need to provide learning opportunities to improve safety and social engagement.     

论和硕特部在统治青海时期的主要过失

13世纪,蒙古族就已活动于青海。到17世纪,在该地势力最强、影响最大的蒙古各部中,当属和硕特部。然而,强盛近半个世纪之后,缘何匿其迹,销其声呢?本文认为造成这种衰败局势,主要在于和硕特部在统治青海的过程中出现的严重过失所致：和硕特部贵族的远征,碍于民族团结、经济发展;地域性封建小割据的形成,严重损害了民族利益;由于向清朝靠拢,得不到下层人民的支持。     

语文课堂教学中的创新教育

实行教学民主 ,优化创新环境应是语文课堂教学中实施创新教育的前提。因为创新活动是一种复杂的心理过程 ,它将会引起一系列的心理反应 ,同时也受其他心理因素的制约 ,所以实行教学民主 ,创设宽松的、自由的、民主的良好心理环境尤为必要。加强创新能力培养 ,强化创新训练 ,是语文课堂教学中实施创新教育的目的。创新能力就是在已有知识、经验的基础上 ,经过独立的分析、综合、联想、想像、比较、抽象和概括后所获得的能力。所以 ,创新能力的培养 ,还在于多方面开辟创新思维的活动空间 ,让学生在独立开启创造性思维中发展个性 ,促使创新意识的产生和能力的形成