A study of urban population migration and urbanization in China]

Under the auspices of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and UN funding, a study was undertaken to assess Chinese urban migration and urbanization. A 2% random sample was taken of 74 cities of varying densities (divided into 5 categories ranging from "especially large city" to "town") from 16 provinces. This encompassed 23,895 households, 1,643 collectives and 100,167 people. Major data include: 38% of the subjects had migrated at least once; 7.58% lived away from home for at least 1 year; 23.98% were temporarily away from home at the time of the study; 3.6% were at home. With the exception of the "especially large city," which absorbed 46.5% of urban migrants, more migrants entered "towns" than they did "large city." Migration to the "especially large city" fell from 56.6% in the 1950s to 32.5% between 1981-86, whereas migration into the other categories increased. For example, population movement into towns jumped from 12.3% in the 1950s to 28.6% in 1981-86. In all 5 categories, intra-province migration was larger than inter-province migration. Over half of the urban migrants moved from villages to towns. More men migrated to cities than women, but slightly more women than men migrated from villages to cities (due to marriage customs). 56.6% of migrants were between 15-30 years; 23.34% were workers; 21.54% were farmers. Reasons given for moving were many, but the most often cited was work related. Work related moves often meant that such migration was dictated, rather than voluntary. Also, social, economic and political upheavals directly affected the pattern of urban migration from 1949-86. Current government policy is to develop smaller cities and to limit the growth of already densely populated areas. Until cities can provide adequate housing, food and jobs for its inhabitants, governmental intervention in some areas will continue to be necessary.     

Comparative analysis of the index of our population life quality]

A comprehensive method of calculating and measuring a country's or an area's health and literacy levels is examined. The method, known as population quality life inference (PQLI), was used to determine which of China's provinces has the highest and the lowest degree of population quality. The PQLI indicates infant mortality, average life expectancy of 1 year olds, and literacy rates of those 15 years and older. Because developing countries traditionally have high rates of infant mortality and illiteracy and low life expectancy rates during their industrialization, measuring the degree of population quality of life improvement of such countries during this period was found to be significant. These factors (infant mortality, illiteracy, and life expectancy) will improve substantially as industrialization continues. In order to compare various areas, these 3 factors must be changed into "inferences" 0-100, "0" representing the lowest population quality and "100" the highest. These 3 inferences must then be averaged in order to calculate the PQLI. For example: life expectancy value 77 (highest in the world) minus 38 (lowest)/100 = .39. In order to measure the value of India's life expectancy: value of 1-year-old's life expectancy = 56 (1-year-old's life expectancy in India) minus 38/.39 = 46. The value of adult illiteracy does not need to be changed. Thus, the actual comparison will be based on the values of the 3 inferences. Using this method of calculation, it is concluded that the PQLI analysis indicated that Peking (93.04) is the highest in China and Yumnan Province (60.72) is the lowest.     

统筹养老金双基数征缴方案设计

双基数征缴的目的在于通过调整企业间的养老负担,保证统筹养老金的征缴率和征缴量。当前的统筹养老金可以分解为基础养老金和转轨成本两部分。在双基数征缴的具体实施过程中,可以以职工工资总额的7%-8%征缴基础养老金, 以企业税前利润的1%征缴转轨成本部分。以利润为基数征缴的部分是政府向企业的强制性借款,政府在日后应有计划地逐步偿还。     

中国出生性别比转变的人口老龄化后果：前景与对策

从1980年代开始,中国出生性别比失衡已经持续40余年,预计到2050年左右才能恢复正常。长达70年的出生性别比转变对中国人口和社会都产生深远的影响。以往研究主要集中探讨性别失衡问题,对出生性别比升高加剧人口老龄化的关注较少。为此,利用新近估计的中国出生性别比、生育率和死亡率数据,借助人口模拟预测和稳定人口比较分析的方法对中国出生性别比转变的人口老龄化后果进行深入考察。研究发现,出生性别比上升不仅会减少女婴出生数,还会减少男婴出生数,由此造成人口规模的下降并加剧了中国的人口老龄化。引导出生性别比尽快回归正常可以缓解人口老龄化,继续加强出生性别比治理可以在中国积极应对人口老龄化的过程中起到重要作用。     

中国城市家庭变迁的趋势和最新发现

本文以中国社会科学院社会学研究所2008年在广州、杭州、郑州、兰州和哈尔滨5个城市市辖区收集的城市居民的家庭数据为分析基础,以经过修正的发展的家庭现代化理论为理论起点,分析了最近十几年来中国城市家庭变迁的趋势,主要在婚姻成本、婚姻的独立性、妇女就业率与夫妻关系、核心家庭与亲属网络关系以及各个城市家庭变迁的独特性几个方面提出了我们的见解,着重指出在中国城市家庭变迁过程中,传统与现代因素之间不是对立的,而是相互融合,甚至相互补充的,在不同的情境下出现不同的组合,因此中国城市家庭的变迁模式和路径是多元的和多因素共同推进的。     

电视相亲节目热播的社会学分析

近期各大电视台形式多样的婚恋相亲节目层出不穷,受到了广泛的关注,并且掀起了一股婚恋观讨论的热潮。相亲节目在大众媒介的舞台上构建了一个场域,在其中形成的“惯习”又加剧了这个场域的特征,使得大胆、直白的节目风格得以构建和巩固。这类主题的节目之所以能够引起大众的兴趣就是因为它将交友、恋爱这类原本极其私人化的东西搬上了公众的舞台．这种突破领域界限而形成的张力、造成的反差效果给观众带来新鲜感,同时又契合了人们的日常生活。相亲节目在短期内的迅速火爆,也有着一定的社会背景。随着恋爱低龄化趋势的加剧以及“剩女”的大量出现,使得青年人在恋爱、婚姻问题上更加理性和成熟。节目在速配的同时传达着当代年轻人对情感婚恋和家庭生活价值观．为父母提供了一个洞悉子女想法的窗口,促进了不同年龄段人之间的相互理解和包容。     

数字经济、产业结构升级与全要素生产率

文章在分析数字经济发展对全要素生产率影响机理的基础上,基于2010—2019年我国省际面板数据,应用中介效应模型考察数字经济发展对全要素生产率增长的促进效应。结果表明,总体上数字经济可有效通过产业结构升级促进全要素生产率的增长。分区域看,数字经济对我国东部、中西部省份的产业结构升级均起到显著促进作用,但在产业结构升级和全要素生产率的优化方面,东部地区数字经济发展的作用明显高于中西部地区。     

印度东北部分离与恐怖主义活动向所谓“阿鲁纳恰尔邦”的溢出问题探析

印度自建国后,东北部地区分离与恐怖主义活动严重。中印领土争议东段地区(即我国藏南地区、印方称之为"阿鲁纳恰尔邦")由于紧邻印度东北部,其安全局势也受到了印度东北部分离与恐怖主义活动的直接影响。在地理、民族、经济等因素的作用下,"那加民族社会主义委员会"、"阿萨姆联合解放阵线"等印度分离主义组织将其活动范围延伸至了这一区域。近年来,印度东北部分离与恐怖主义组织在所谓"阿鲁纳恰尔邦"的活动日趋频繁,成为影响中印领土争议东段地区社会安定的重要因素之一。     

论古村落商业旅游的开发策略——浙江西塘、诸葛八卦村对比研究

在旅游业迅速发展的今天,对古村落进行旅游开发已经成为一种趋势,周庄、乌镇、西塘等地日益成为旅游热点。文章将浙江两大古村落西塘和诸葛八卦村作对比,以实地考察、对比分析等方法研究八卦村在旅游开发上不如西塘的诸多方面及原因,并且提出开发策略与改进方法。     

高维波动方程基于Richardson外推法的高阶紧致差分方法

基于Richardson外推法提出了一种求解二维和三维波动方程的高阶紧致差分方法,该方法首先利用四阶紧致交替方向隐式( ADI)差分格式,其截断误差为O(τ2+h4),在不同尺寸的网格上对原方程进行求解,然后利用Richardson外推技术外推一次,得到了二维和三维波动方程具有O(τ4+h6)精度的数值解,数值实验验证了该方法的高阶精度及有效性.