浅析英汉“爱情”情感隐喻之相似性

在人类诸多高级情感元素中,爱情是其中最为独特、美好的情感之一。爱情概念本身是抽象的,但由于人们思维存在共性,因此在英汉两种不同的语言中,常用具体的事物来隐喻＂爱情＂情感。本文从认知角度来诠释情感概念——＂爱情＂,通过对其认知原型的分析来揭示英、汉两种语言关于＂爱情＂的隐喻相似性。     

Trampling tolerance of understorey vegetation in different hemiboreal urban forest site types in Finland

The effects of trampling on the understorey vegetation were studied in boreal urban forests of different fertility in the greater Helsinki area, Finland. The three studied forest types in decreasing order of fertility were: 1) herb-rich heath forest, 2) mesic heath forest, and 3) sub-xeric heath forest. We inventoried the cover percentages of understorey vegetation in 40 herb-rich, 75 mesic and 40 sub-xeric biotopes located in 51 urban forests varying in size (0.6–502 ha). Cover percentages were compared to those of untrampled reference areas. In our study, trampling tolerance increased with increasing fertility of the forest type. Wear of understorey vegetation correlated positively with the number of residents (i.e. recreational pressure) around the forest patch. In general, understorey vegetation cover in all three forest types was lower than in the same forest types in untrampled reference areas. Ground layer cover in urban forests was less than half of that in reference areas. Mosses, lichens, and dwarf shrubs, especially Vaccinium vitis-idaea, proved to be sensitive to trampling and consequently decreased in cover. The cover of tree saplings, mainly Sorbus aucuparia, and some resilient herbs increased.     

深度下潜辽宁海底“寻宝”提速

谈到考古。首先让人想到的是在荒郊野外的探测和发掘，如墓葬和遗址等等，而往往忽略了另一块考古的重要阵地——水下。     

DECENTRALIZATION AND PARTICIPATORY SERVICE DELIVERY

User participation has been promoted to improve the quality, responsiveness, and outreach of public services in India. This qualitative study evaluates new grassroots institutions—Village Education Committees and Mothers’ Committees—in Andhra Pradesh, which promoting parents’ participation in the management and monitoring of local schools and maternal/child health services. Although the committees were found to have increased participation in public affairs by the poor and brought about some improvements in service quality, inclusive and meaningful participation has often been hindered by illiteracy and lack of information, as well as caste, gender, and socioeconomic inequalities. The article suggests that there are considerable tensions between inclusive participation and committee effectiveness as members need skills, status, and resources in order to have a meaningful impact on service provision. In addition, research findings point to the need for more structured opportunities for committee members to interact with authorities and service providers, as well as for children to voice their concerns and ideas. Lastly, in order to tackle childhood poverty more holistically, the focus of these committees should be revised to give greater emphasis to improving service quality improvements and cross-sectoral synergies, rather than the current move narrow focus on infrastructural development and singlesector initiatives.     

Young people,future hopes and concerns in Finland and the European Union: classed and gendered expectations in policy documents

In this article, I examine the ways in which governing bodies at the Finnish national and also European Union levels talk about young people and our shared future in Finland. I use their youth policy documents as material for critical discourse analysis. My argument is that, besides presenting visions of a desired future, these papers also produce and reproduce divisions between young people that reflect gender and class positions. Young people are divided into those who have potential, those who will take care of others’ needs, and those who are at risk of marginalisation. I also argue that the Nordic policy tendency to conceive of youth as a resource rather than as a problem is not consistent. Finnish youth policy has changed, firstly because of the changing economic environment – the politics of austerity – and secondly because of Europeanisation.     

The Political Construction of Elder Care Markets: Comparing Denmark,Finland and Italy

In Europe over the last two decades, marketization has become an important policy option in elder care. Comparative studies predominantly adopt an institutional perspective and analyze the politics and policies of marketization. This analysis takes a step back and examines the fundamental ideas underpinning the policies of marketization, using the ‘What's the problem?’ approach by Carol Bacchi. The central question is how the market was discursively framed as the solution to the perceived problems of three different systems of elder care, and how such processes are similar or different across the three countries. The analysis includes two extreme types of elder care systems, the Nordic public systems in Denmark and Finland, and the Southern European family‐based model in Italy. Empirically, the analysis offers interesting insights into processes of constructing and legitimating markets at the level of discourse; this occurs by defining specific problem representations, underlying assumptions and silences. In all three countries, marketization is presented as a solution which builds on rather than challenges dominant ideas of care. Conceptually, in addition to its institutions, it is crucial to understand the ideas behind the marketization of elder care. Ideas emerge as a key leverage for making policies and practices of marketization acceptable and which decision makers and other influential political/societal actors use in policy and public debates. The importance of ideas is further underlined by the fact that they do not necessarily relate to the institutions of elder care systems in a linear way.     

Gender Issues on Change Agenda – Practising Intersectionality in Action Research

This article investigates how intersectionalities are handled in the orientations and positions of organization members when conducting feminist action research in workplaces. The Finnish Defence Forces are used as an empirical example of a hierarchical and gendered organization. The article employs the work conference method based on democratic dialogue with the aim of bringing together the divergent experiences and perspectives of the organization's members. Our interpretation is that the intersectional application of the work conference method reveals issues that would not have otherwise arisen. The method helps to highlight the habits and routines that are taken for granted in organizations. We suggest the use of the method both for identifying patterns of inequalities and for seeking remedies for them. The experiences gained from the empirical study support a multi‐method approach to action research. A more theory‐based consciousness of social positions and their interconnections will serve the development process. As a result, action research efforts might also become better anchored in organizational structures and practices.     

斯波斯基低温荧光光谱实验条件的考察

本文较全面地考察了影响斯波斯基(shpolískil)低温荧光光谱的因素,包括单色仪狭缝、斯波斯基溶剂基体、浓度效应、冷冻速率等,由此确定了产生斯波斯基光谱的最佳条件。     

Expatriate paternalistic leadership and gender relations in small European software firms in India

The study examines how European managers deliver paternalistic leadership in two small IT companies in India, a collectivist, high-power-distance culture where private lives are largely influenced by extended families. In particular, gender aspects are discussed in relation to recruitment and attrition, working hours and leave policies, and building company culture. These small companies experience a different set of challenges from those faced by the big multinationals, and they meet them in different ways, often translating Western management ideas to fit the Indian context. This article shows how managers of these two companies, with their European background, adapt their leadership to the Indian setting and how they handle gender issues. While some degree of paternalistic leadership appears to be a necessity in the Indian context, introducing European ideas of low power differences and regulated policies creates a mix which is appreciated by the employees.