农民养老方式与可行能力研究

农民的养老方式选择与他们实际具备的可行能力密不可分。这种可行能力取决于农村的经济状况、农民的生产方式、生活方式和制度环境。本文通过对我国目前农民生存状况的描述,通过农民对自己经历、体验讲述的分析,表明他们在处理参保问题上的行为逻辑与他人贴上的理性小农的标签完全不同。土地养老、子女养老并不是农民自愿选择的养老方式,而是迫不得已应对的结果。可行能力的缺乏使农民只能牺牲自己的长远利益而维持目前的生活状态。尽管对于农民不办理养老保险有各种各样的解释,但本文认为从可行能力解释农民的养老选择是一个不可忽视的视角。可行能力不仅包含着个人的能力而且与他们所处的社会位置密切有关。本文认为,国家长期以来的发展政策和社会政策与它的标的群体-农民之间的过大差距,最终形成了农村养老保政策运行低效及对农民养老选择的负面影响。     

How to Maintain High Retention Rates in Long-Term Research on Addiction: A Case Report

High dropout rates threaten the validity of longitudinal studies involving participants suffering from substance use disorder (SUD). The objective of this article is to evaluate strategies to improve retention. The data analysis was based on an ongoing study of long-term recovery of neurocognitive and psychosocial functions. We used traditional strategies to enhance the contact rate. Common factors in psychosocial treatments and biweekly Short Message Service (SMS; text messaging) monitoring were added to further increase the contact rate. The participants (n = 146) were recruited from treatment facilities for SUD. Assessments were measured at 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 12 months. This study was successful in retaining a cohort of participants who are typically characterized as having a negative prognosis because of their unstable living arrangements and incomes. Compared to those using GHB, addictive medications, and opiates, the retention rate was the lowest among participants with severe alcohol use disorder (42%).     

Examining the Benefits of Intergenerational Volunteering in Long-Term Care: A Review of the Literature

This review examines the benefits of intergenerational interactions between youth volunteers and residents of long-term care homes. Five articles met the criteria for review. Benefits for youth included developing new communication and career-related skills, improved attitudes toward older adults, and the development of meaningful relationships and friendships. Benefits for residents were engagement in activities with the students, enhanced well-being and, for residents with aphasia, improved communication abilities. Further research is needed to evaluate the impact of intergenerational volunteer programs, especially for secondary students as volunteers.     

Making the Right Moves: Promoting Smart Growth and Active Aging in Communities

This article describes an award program sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for excellence in smart growth and active aging. Having examined qualitative and quantitative data, we suggest that any community can foster changes to improve the health and well-being of its aging population. Diverse winners took unique paths to change their built environments and encourage physical activity. The policy changes undertaken by the award winners have both short- and long-term benefits that are important for persons of all ages, but especially for an aging society.     

Does the Village Model Help to Foster Age-Friendly Communities?

This article explores the potential role of the Village model, a social initiative that emphasizes member involvement and service access, in helping communities to become more age-friendly. A survey of 86.3% of operational Villages examined activities designed to help members access a variety of supports and services consistent with the World Health Organization's (WHO) Global Network of Age-Friendly Cities and Communities program model, as well as other potential contributions to community age friendliness. Analysis revealed that 85.5% of Villages provided assistance with at least six of the eight WHO domains, but only 10.1% implemented features of all eight; more than one-third were engaged in direct or indirect efforts to improve community physical or social infrastructures or improve community attitudes toward older persons. These findings suggest that Villages and other social organizations may have untapped potential for enhancing their members’ ability to age in place consistent with the goals of age-friendly initiatives while also promoting constructive changes in the overall community.     

Local and Regional Governments and Age-Friendly Communities: A Case Study of the San Francisco Bay Area

The purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which cities, county departments of adult and aging services, county transportation authorities, and public transit agencies in the San Francisco Bay Area have in place age-friendly policies, programs, and infrastructure in the areas of community design, housing, transportation, health care and supportive services, and opportunities for community engagement. The most common age-friendly features include those that target alternative forms of mobility (for example, incentives for mixed-use neighborhoods and changes to improve the accessibility of public transit), while the least common policies and programs are those that aim to help older adults continue driving, such as driver education programs, driver assessment programs, and slow-moving vehicle ordinances. The article concludes with policy and research implications of these findings.     

Building an Integrated Research/Policy Planning Age-Friendly Agenda

This article describes an innovative model for integrating research into a policy and planning agenda aimed to help neighborhoods become more supportive of older adults. Philadelphia Corporation for Aging (PCA) established Age-Friendly Philadelphia (AFP) to catalyze efforts to improve the physical and social environments for seniors. The Research Program at PCA became an important part of this effort by providing multiple types of supports to PCA staff and other stakeholders. Most notably, the research program worked with planners to adopt the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Aging Initiative model for Philadelphia. That model focuses on (1) staying active, connected, and engaged; (2) development and housing; (3) transportation and mobility; and (4) staying healthy. Examples of practice efforts actualized using this research are also presented. By developing a new approach to the way research can support practice initiatives, AFP has been able to increase its effectiveness, and researchers have found better ways to work collaboratively with professionals in policy, planning, and practice. The PCA model should be considered as a framework for similar efforts aimed at creating age-friendly communities.     

AHP Is Intended for More Than Expected Value Calculations

In a previous paper, Schoner and Wedley [9] presented a way to automatically compute the importance of criteria from the values of alternatives. The following discussion illustrates that the approach of [9] can only be applied if the alternatives under the criteria are measured with a single absolute scale. However, when this does occur, in part or in all of a decision problem, the approach is extraneous. The measurements can (and should) first be combined with the appropriate arithmetic of that scale which reduces that part of the problem to a single dimension and the result can be taken up with the remaining dimensions for consideration with AHP.