The impact of national culture on negotiating behaviors across borders

Recent declines in American competitiveness and the increasing globalization of American business underscore the importance of one's culturally-based negotiating ability in international business transactions. This paper examines the impact of cultural dimensions on negotiating effectiveness on three levels: the role of a single dimension of culture, the interactive effects between multiple dimensions of culture, and the degree of cultural compatibility between negotiating parties. Two existing models of negotiation are integrated, outlining the critical importance of culture in each stage of effective international business negotiations. The integrated model is then applied to the cultures of eleven nations. Propositions and suggestions for future research are provided.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Academy of International Business Conference. The authors wish to thank two anonymous AIB reviewers and session participants at the AIB meeting for their constructive comments concerning the paper.     

中国文人画意境与创作者心境探略

以文艺创作"三环论"为基础,第一次运用创作者心境"内容"的概念,对中国文人画意境与创作者心境之间的密切联系进行探讨和论证.弄清文人画意境与创作者心境之间的联系,对文人画艺术的赏析和研究具有重要意义.     

民主化的前提条件:经济发展与政治文化的视角

任何事物的产生、发展和存在,都必须具备一定的条件,民主化本身是不足以产生民主化的,一个国家也只有在某些条件成熟的情况下,才有可能发生民主化。民主化需要的条件是多种多样的,但经济发展和政治文化一直是理解民主化的两个重要视角,通过对它们的探讨,可以更好地理解它们与民主化之间的关系。     

英国的FDI、贸易与企业利润

通过构建理论模型预测FDI的不同进入模式对东道国企业价格-成本盈余(Price-CostMar-gin,PCM)的影响,以及采用固定效应工具面板和经过聚类修正的有效广义矩等不同估计模型,对1991-2001年间的进口和FDI对英国制造业企业PCM竞争规制效应进行的实证研究表明:绿地FDI对利润有负向影响,而并购FDI对利润的影响为正,即绿地FDI对PCM有规制效应,并购FDI会增加PCM。本文是第一篇使用企业数据并区分FDI不同类型进行此问题研究的论文。     

公司治理对R&D投入与企业绩效关系调节效应研究

公司治理通过监督和激励机制来控制经理人的机会主义行为,使经理人有效配置资源,从而影响R&D项目的执行效果,最终影响企业绩效,公司治理自然被作为R&D投入与企业绩效关系的调节变量引入。基于委托代理理论,从理论上论证公司治理是如何调节R&D投入与企业绩效的关系,并且提出相应假设,选取中国A股制造业上市公司为研究样本,利用层次回归方法和分组分析方法,检验机构投资者、国有控股、董事会、经理层股权激励对R&D投入与企业绩效关系的调节效应。检验结果表明,机构投资者和独立董事对R&D投入与企业绩效没有调节作用,机构投资者与企业绩效有显著的直接关系,国有控股、董事会会议强度对二者关系有负向调节作用,经理层股权激励对二者关系有正向调节效应。从检验结果可以看出,R&D活动严重的信息不对称性和高度的专业性使得对其监督的难度比较大,通过给经理人一定的股权,使他们成为股东,用激励机制解决R&D活动中的代理问题可能效果更好。     

Family support as a working style in child protection in Italy: A comparative study on social workers' child welfare attitudes

Comparative studies on child protection decision-making highlight the implications and determinants of differences in child welfare systems internationally and reinforce discussions regarding child protection practices and family support when a child is exposed to inadequate parental care. To date, Italian child protection studies have highlighted a system characterised by a strong degree of variability related to the absence of practices shared nationally. Differently, this comparative study focuses more on similarities within the Italian context, seeking to understand how they influence practices. The opinions of 188 Italian social workers with respect to the substantiation of maltreatment, risk assessment and intervention recommendations were compared with the results of a recent study involving practitioners in Israel, Northern Ireland, Spain and the Netherlands. The main outcomes show that Italian social workers prefer a family support orientation, meaning that children are usually removed from their home only if necessary and generally with the aim of reunification with their families. The study also reveals that Italian professionals are more in favour of residential care than foster care.     

Adolescents at risk of mental health problems in the COVID-19 pandemic: A prospective population-based study of the effects of government mandates and school closures

There is increasing evidence that the COVID-19 pandemic has had substantial mental health impacts for adolescents. Yet, few definitive studies have investigated which adolescents were at higher risk of poor mental health and well-being during the pandemic. Data were drawn from the Childhood to Adolescence Transition Study, a prospective cohort study of students in Australia (N = 1211). Prevalence of mental health outcomes (depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, self-harm and good subjective well-being) was estimated in school Years 5–12, where Years 11 (2020) and 12 (2021) coincided with the pandemic. The age- and sex-adjusted relative risk of each mental health outcome for each priority group during the pandemic were estimated. During the pandemic, over 50% of study participants reported depressive symptoms, and one quarter reported anxiety symptoms. There was a decrease in good subjective well-being compared with pre-pandemic years, while self-harm prevalence remained similar. History of mental health problems, school disengagement and frequent peer victimisation increased the risk of experiencing mental health problems during the pandemic. Schools play a central role in maintaining the mental health and good subjective well-being of students, and this is particularly important during periods of social disruption, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.     

Factor structure of the Mini-Maternal Behavior Q-Sort and associations with infant attachment: Informing precision in research and intervention

We examined the factor structure of parental sensitivity to infants as assessed by the Mini-Maternal Behavior Q-Sort (Mini-MBQS), a 25-item short-form of the original 90-item MBQS. We aimed to: (1) identify latent factors of the Mini-MBQS; and (2) validate each factor by testing associations with infant attachment classifications. Data on parent-infant dyads (n = 313; 222 mothers with 281 children, 29 fathers with 32 children) were drawn from a three-generation Australian cohort study. Exploratory Factor Analysis and Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling examined the structure of the Mini-MBQS. Two latent Mini-MBQS factors were identified, requiring 8 of 25 original items: (1) Attention and Responsiveness and (2) Contingency in Interactions. Infants with insecure attachment classifications had parents with lower sensitivity across both factors relative to infants classified secure. In particular, infants with resistant attachment classifications had parents with notably low Contingency in Interactions scores. Infants with disorganised attachment classifications had parents with the lowest relative sensitivity across both factors, and in these dyads Attention and Responsiveness scores were especially low. Results provide an empirically derived factor structure for the Mini-MBQS. Two subscales, each with significant infant attachment associations, may improve precision in clinical intervention and research translation.